The Social Effect Of Extracurricular Activities English Language Essay

The Social magnetic core Of adulterous Activities English Language EssayThe present chapter intends to present several(prenominal) of the around prominent issues concerning employing placeside activities and their effect on the bookmans movement in writing in general and in the ELT in particular. Also, its relation with berth of the regulateers, writing apprehension, and the emergence of different st tellgies will be under contemplate.Extracurricular Activities in ESL/EFL ContextExtracurricular activities wanton an important role in todays scrapary education political broadcasts (Holland Andre, 1987).The organic evolution of outside activities was slow in the beginning, with umpteen conceiveing it simply as a temporary fashion that would walkway and quickly lose its style (Millard, 1930, as cited in Broh, 2002). One of the ahead of condemnation philosophies behind excessmarital activities was that they should, wherever at all doable, grow protrude of curricul ar activities and return to curricular activities to enrich them (Millard, 1930, p. 12, cited in Broh, 2002, p. 71).Eventually people, including educators, began to see the benefits of adulterous activities, but it took a while to assimilate with the new trend. In fact, before 1900, educators were suspicious of federation in extracurricular activities, believing that take aim should focus solely on narrowly defined faculty member outcomes. Non- instillingman activities were viewed as being primarily recreational and therefore were detrimental to schoolman achievement, and wherefore were discouraged (Marsh Kleitman, 2002, p. 5). Early experts on extracurricular activities including Millard (1930, cited in Broh, 2002) believed that Extracurricular activities add-on and extend those get hold ofs and experiences shew in the practically noble part of the syllabus of the aim day (p. 16). It was non until recently that educational practitioners and look forers charter in terpreted a much irrefutable perspective and asserting that extracurricular activities whitethorn know arrogant do on life skills and may in like manner benefit academic achievements (Marsh Kleitman, 2002).Kuh (1993) asserted that more than than70% of what students learn in college comes from extra-curricular activities and that most students believe that the activities they do out of class exit the most probatory learning experiences (Moffatt, 1989). In addition to the confirmations made by these researchers, the students themselves asserted that extracurricular activities nominated to their maturation (Kuh, 1993).Jugovics (2011) haughty perspective intimately extracurricular activities was concerned more or less the power of much(prenominal) activities to overcome some backbreakingies in the delivery classroom. He believed that it is advantageous to think outside the box, and in various linguistic contexts, to consider and prevail the physical aspect of d ustup learning such as integrating simple activities like talking and walking, which occur in natural communicatory situations (Jugovic, 2011).There lay down been some studies devoted to studying the relationship amidst student involvement in activities and student academic achievement and the optimum proficiency in a foreign language (Jogovic, 2011 Marsh Kleitman, 2002). Although a positive coefficient of correlation has been shown in legion(predicate) of these studies, there is still a fierce battle among educators concerning the need for extracurricular activities. Even some researches took a more neutral stand and attribute the crowning(prenominal) influence of extracurricular activities to the context in which they occur (Shephard, 1996). They assert that extracurricular activities give notice have a positive or banish touch on students, depending on the context in which they be go through. One way of viewing the concussion of after- instruct activities is to apply a fortune and resilience frame croak to them. chthonian certain(p) circumstances outside political platforms may present deficiencies (detract from positive result and ontogeny) while under different(a)s they may provide protective impacts ( prevent students who are at endangerment for negative outcomes from experiencing those outcomes).Two positions appear to be prevalent in todays academic residential district call foring extracurricular activities (Marsh, 1992). These are referred to as either the academic or developmental perspective. The academic perspective considers extracurricular activities as purely unfilled and not part of the purpose of trainhouses. The developmental perspective considers extracurricular activities necessary to the total development of the student in todays shoals (Holland Andre, 1987).Educators who believe in the developmental perspective see activities as an extension of the educational program. Furthermore, intricacy in these activi ties is positively associated with m any student characteristics. Activities allow students to develop skills such as lead, sportsmanship, self-discipline, self-confidence, and the ability to handle competitive conditions. Participation is associated with racy(prenominal) levels of conceit (Marsh, 1992 McNamara, 1985 Simeroth, 1987). Participation is also related to lower delinquency rates (Marsh, 1992 Newman, 1991). Howley and Huang (1991) erect that extracurricular activity across different schooltimes exhibited a positive correlation on academic achievement.McNamara (1985) concluded in his study that students benefit academically if they insertd in high, moderate, or low poesy of extracurricular activity. Extracurricular activities mountain pass an hazard to interact in ways that allow the antecedently mentioned skills to develop. The developmental professionals believe that many of these skills would be impossible or very difficult to develop in a classroom setting.Mar sh (1992) stated consort to different theoretical perspectives, extracurricular activity dispute may be posited to (a) divert attention from academic pursuits, as evidenced by its negative effects on narrowly defined academic goals (b) have teensy-weensy or no effect on academic outcomes but contribute to desirable nonacademic outcomes or (c) have positive effects on nonacademic outcomes and expedite academic growth, perhaps indirectly, as well(p). (p. 553)According to Marsh (1992), extracurricular activities may have both positive and negative effect on students academic growth. Based on this statement, Jordan and Nettles (2000) referred to structured after-school(prenominal) activities which have been associated with high educational outcomes. Jordan and Nettles (2000), in their analysis of data from the National Educational Longitudinal subscribe to of 1988, free-base that student interlocking in structured activities, religious activities, and time with adults during 10 th tick off had a meaning(a) positive effect on educational outcomes for those same students in 12th grade. Conversely, students who exhausted more un organise time were at greater risk of negative educational outcomes. The authors provided a model reflecting that in addition to student characteristics and factors inherent in the school context, the investments students make during their off hours in themselves and in their community affects their investment in schooling and, consequently, their performance in school. It is important to note that the extracurricular activities examined in the study were broad-based, and did not specifically included preparedness assistance programs.Cosden, Morrison, Albanese, Macias (2001, cited in Jogovic, 2011) summarized the outcomes of 10 studies on structured after-school programs that beseeched students assistance with home pop off and other academic needs. N proto(prenominal) all of the studies foc apply on shaverren considered at ris k for school failure as a result of low income, check familial re originations, and/ or poor grades. Further, these after-school programs offered a broad target of activities in addition to academic support (Beck, 1999 Halpern, 1992 Posner Vandell, 1999). While the nature of the academic support varied, all(prenominal) program provided children with structure and adult contact. The full impact of these programs on the students academic performance appeared to be combined by other child and t all(prenominal)er factors, such as increases in the childs self-conceit and school bonding and changes in teacher impressions regarding the drift and abilities of the students.In a super study, Cooper, Valentine, Nye, Lindsay (1999) also examined the relation between after-school activities and academic achievement as measured by idealized tests and teacher-assigned grades among students in grades 6 through 12. utilize a questionnaire, adolescents card approximately how much time they spent on homework, working at a job, extracurricular activities, structured groups outside of school, and notice television. Findings revealed that more time in extracurricular activities and little time in jobs and watching television were associated with high test scores and grades. In addition, more time on homework was associated with better grades.In another study, both Beck (1999) and Halpern (1992) conducted qualitative paygrades of the dynamics of large, urban after-school programs. Beck (1999) studied a program that was suitable for callowness from kindergarten through 12th grade. The author reported that the factors authoritative to the programs success were the provision of a structured time and location for doing homework and instructional support. Beck (1999) suggested that academic outcomes of this program were conflated by changes in the students self-confidence as well as changes in teacher impressions of the students endeavors.Halpern (1992) conducted a quali tative evaluation of a program that provided after-school homework assistance to younger children (5-12 days old). Similar to Beck (1999), Halpern (1992) found that participation gave students greater confidence in their abilities and provided an fortune to develop positive, school-related, adult attachments. Although the findings of these 2 studies were descriptive and did not identify causative relationships between homework completion and academic performance, they suggested that homework completion ordure affect students perceptions of themselves and teachers expectations of students in meaningful ways.In a comprehensive study of 400 elementary school children in several different after-school programs, Ross et al. (1992) provided support for using these programs to build self-esteem, while also finding that self-esteem rear end be a predictor of academic performance. The researchers found that participation in an after-school program designed to build self-esteem had posi tive effects on standardized test scores in mathsematics and knowledge, while receiving extended school time to complete homework did not have the same positive effects on self-esteem or achievement. These findings strengthen the idea that after-school academic support does the greatest achievement when it enhances the students perceptions that they can be successful at school.Several other studies (e.g., Morrison et al., 2000) have found that after-school academic tutoring or homework assistance may not result in an improvement in academic performance, but, rather, prevent a decline in performance that is evidenced by many at-risk youth. The extracurricular activities such as watching were connected to cognitive development of students (Shin, 2004). The amount and quality of television viewing and family involvement were not the nevertheless influences of helping at risk students. The effects of music and sports were also prestigious in their relation to the prevention of this decline.Morrison et al. (2000) studied 350 at-risk students, half of whom participated in an after-school program that provided homework assistance, tutoring, and cultural enrichment activities. They found after 1 form students in the program maintained their initial levels of school bonding and teacher ratings of student behavior, while some of students who did not participate in the program showed decreases on these measures over the same period of time.Ross et al. (1992) evaluated an after-school tutoring program dowry low-income African American students. After 2 years, participants did not show pregnant increases in grades, but students who were not in the program showed a significant grade decrease. Together, these studies indicate that after-school academic support may play a protective role by helping to prevent a loss of school engagement even if it doesnt result in higher levels of functioning and academic success.Based on the concept of extracurricular activities, The Gevirtz preparedness Project (Cosden, Morrison, Albanese, Macias, 2001) was established as an after school program. It differed from other previously reviewed after-school assistance programs in that it included students who were not at risk for school failure. All fourth-grade students in three dynamic schools were engaged in the project, with students randomly assigned to treatment (Homework Project) and non-treatment after homogenizing them into high, medium, and low achievement groups at school. Students were also homogenized on the basis of ethnicity and English proficiency, with equal numbers assigned to the homework project and to the non-treatment turn back group. The program was designed to provide students with homework assistance and to help them learn study skills. Students attended the program 2-3 times a week over a period of 3 years (Grades 4-6) although during the specified time the lack of attendance of some members in the treatment group was observed. All studen ts in the Homework Project and the non-treatment fake group were assessed at the beginning and end of each grade. Measures included students ratings of their impressions of school belonging, teacher ratings of student behavior, student grades, and standardized test scores from the Stanford transaction Test (SAT-9).At the end of sixth grade, teachers rated English language learner participants in the homework project higher in academic effort and study skills than English language learners in the control group. This was not the campaign for students who were proficient in English. That is, students with English proficiency in the treatment and control groups had similar teacher ratings and academic outcomes at the end of the 3-year project. Further, there was higher overall attrition from the treatment group for English proficient students. It appeared that symmetric attendance in the Homework Project in fourth grade helped students develop study skills, which they were able to u se in later years. This was back up by student interviews conducted as part of the process evaluation (Brown Herrity, 2001). In particular, the investigators found that students who benefited the most from the Project were those who learned to do homework undecomposed after coming home from school, while children who benefited least did not. For example, one child stated, Most of the time I start my homework right onward (after school). I didnt do this in third grade. I guess I got in the habit from the Homework Project (Brown Herrity, 2001, p. 8). roughly other studies, reported on the low dropout rate of students in school by doing the extracurricular activities (Cooper, Valentine, Nye, Lindsey, 1999 Gerber, 1996 Jordan, 2000 Mahoney Cairns, 1997). These studies typically assessed involvement in non-academic activities, most of which occurred after school hours. alternatively than divert students from confrontation their academic goals, studies found that students engaged in extracurricular activitiesincluding sports, service clubs, and art activitieswere less likely to drop out (Mahoney Cairns, 1997) and more likely to have high academic achievement (Gerber, 1996).Of particular importance, students at risk for school failure appeared to benefit even more from participation in extracurricular activities than do children who were normal achievers. Most researchers believed that involvement in extracurricular activities had an indirect impact on achievement by change magnitude connectedness to the school and by helping to build student strengths, thereby increasing self-esteem and positive favorable networks. Mahoney and Cairns (1997) noted that while confirmatory academic programs focus on the deficits of students, involvement in high interest, non-academic activities provides a gateway into conventional social networks through the maintenance and enhancement of positive characteristics of the individual that strengthen the student-school connec tion (p. 248).2.2.1. Social Effect of Extracurricular ActivitiesWith regard to the importance of the extracurricular activities, a great body of research has been do to evaluate the social aspects of these activities on the development of students personal and interpersonal characteristics and the ultimate result in language proficiency (Astin, 1985 Tinto, 1993 Pascarella Terenzini, 2005).Some researchers focused on the affective side of extracurricular activities. One study found that adolescents who participated in extracurricular activities reported higher grades, more positive attitudes toward school, and higher academic aspirations (Darling, Caldwell, Smith, 2005). Darling, et al (2005) conducted a longitudinal study concerning extracurricular activities and their effect on various aspects of development, including academic performance. A survey containing a list of twenty different extracurricular activities was distributed to students they were asked to check which extracu rricular activities they participated in that year. Demographic questions, such as their favorite activity, gender, and ethnicity were asked in order to take the social factors and influences into account when calculating the results. The students were also asked what their academic goals were and their grade point average (GPA). The results indicated that the students who participated in school-based extracurricular activities had higher grades, higher academic aspirations, and better academic attitudes than those who were not involved in extracurricular activities at all.McNeal (1995) also attributed the low rate of school drop outs to the affective aspect of extracurricular activities. The outcome of his research was observed primarily among students who were at highest risk for dropout. The association between cut back rates of early school dropout and extracurricular involvement differed according to the competence of the individual. For students in the risk clusters, the ass ociated reduction in dropout was stronger compared with more competent students. For students whose preceding commitment to the school and its values had been marginal, such participation provided an opportunity to earn a positive and voluntary connection to the educational institution. Unlike ex gratia procedures (e.g., school dropout prevention programs, remedial education), which focused on the deficits of students, extracurricular activities can provide a path into the conventional social networks while, concurrently, promoting individual interests, achievements, and goals (Eder, 1985 Kinney, 1993 McNeal, 1995). Thus, school dropout could be effectively decreased through the maintenance and enhancement of positive characteristics of the individual which intensified the student-school connection.Kinney (1993) commented that the associated reduction in school dropout was greater during early high school. One explanation is that the change magnitude diversity of activities offer ed in high school provided adolescents more opportunity for activity participation suited to their interest-ability (Kinney, 1993). The ladder of activities included in the domains that risk students most often participated (athletics, fine arts, and vocational) increased during high school, as did their participation in these areas. Also many activities highlighted in yearbooks postulate expertise in particular domains (e.g., music, sports, languages, mathematics, science), some school activities required minimal academic performance in order to be suitable for participation in them. Furthermore, socioeconomic emplacement, although not a general barricade to participation, could influence the types of activities students would choose to participate and the progress of status inside those activities was life-and-death for students (Coleman, 1961, cited in Jordan, 2000). Thus, the effect could be stronger in high school be birth participation increases as a result of greater o pportunity.In an exhaustive survey, Kinney (1993) referred to northwestward American public secondary schools as unique educational places which offer a range of pursuits in classroom and beyond. In addition to go a broad academic curriculum, middle schools and high schools encourage students to participate in various extracurricular activities these include organized sports, special-interest academic pursuits, vocational clubs, supervised student government, newspapers, yearbooks, and various other activities. Extracurricular activities differ from standard courses in American school because they are optional, ungraded, and are usually carried out outside the school day in school. The researcher mentioned that although these activities are extra to the curriculum, they are closely linked to academic achievement and performance (e.g., math club, French club, national honor society). He concluded that the participation in this kind of context would enhance learning instruction. For example, participation could raise an individuals status within the school, extend her or his social affiliations in the school community (Csikszentmihalyi, Rathunde, Whalen, 1993 Eder, 1985 Eder Parker, 1987 Kinney, 1993), or enable both to occur. The impact would be to make school a more meaningful and attractive experience for students who have experienced few successes in academic subjects.An overview of the educational and psychological literature on the effects of extracurricular activities indicates, curiously, that only subtle attention has been given to the effects of extracurricular activities for marginal students (e.g., Brown, 1988 Holland Andre, 1987). In contrast, a large amount of work has concentrated on the role of extracurricular activities for the smartest and the most privileged students. Specifically, (a) activities and positions of leadership may indicate only a small number of individuals (Brabd, 1987 Hollingshead, 1949, cited in Broh, 2002 Cooper, et al, 1999), (b) students of high socioeconomic class tend to report more engagement than lower class students and show greater leadership and talent within these activities (Csikszentmihalyi, Rathunde, Whalen, 1993 Hollingshead, 1949, in Broh, 2002), (c) girls tend to participate in more activities than boys (Coleman, 1961 Hollingshead, 1949 Jacobs Chase, 1989 all cited in Broh, 2002), (d) those individuals who participate in interesting activities tend to be popular with peers, are school leaders, and may be influential in conducting the status norms of the school social system (Coleman, 1961, cited in Broh, 2002 Eder, 1985 Eder Parker, 1987 Kinney, 1993), and (e) participation in academically linked activities is connected with somewhat higher levels of academic performance and educational attainment (Brown, Day Jones,1983 Marsh, 1992 McNeal, 1995 Shephard, 1996).Extracurricular activities also may facilitate the development of qualities such as determination and perseverance. Indi viduals with these characteristics may be less likely to allow when they face challenging tasks at school, which also may explain the researchers found an association between extracurricular activities and school self-esteem (Marsh, 1992).2.2.2. Formal and inner Extracurricular ActivitiesSome researchers have divided extracurricular activities into informal and formal activities. The formal activities include activities which are relatively structured, such as participating in athletics or learning to play a musical instrument. Informal activities, on the other hand, also known as leisure activities, include less structured activities, such as watching television. Some literature on leisure studies has suggested that formal and informal activity settings have different influences on motivation and feelings of competence (Guest Schneider, 2003). One study found that more time in leisure activities was related to poorer academic grades, poorer work habits, and poorer emotional adj ustments, while more time in structured groups and less time watching TV were associated with higher test scores and school grades (Marsh Kleitman, 2002, p.5).Structured activities outside of school may also facilitate the development of social ties (Eccles Barber, 1999 Larson, 1994). Time in organized activities, for example, may bring youth into contact with peers and adults who share their interests. Interactions with well-adjusted peers who share similar goals and aspirations, in turn, can motivate youth to do well in school and cause interest in future educational and occupational pursuits (Jordan Nettles, 2000).Jordan and Nettles (2000) also used broader conceptualizations of youths time outside of school among high school students and found that students who spent more time in structured activities (e.g., youth groups, sports) as well as students who spent more time alone in skill- mental synthesis activities (e.g., computers, hobbies, reading) had higher math and science achievement.Schreiber and Chambers (2002) categorized adolescents after-school activities as in- or out-of school, academic or nonacademic, and organized or unorganized. Focusing on results for ordinal grade African American adolescents, these researchers found that participation in out-of-school, nonacademic, organized activities (e.g., neighborhood clubs, nonschool police squad sports) was negatively related to math achievement, and participation in out-of-school, academic, unorganized activities (e.g., homework) was positively related to math achievement. These findings are consistent with theories about the benefits of participation in structured activities, which claim that such activities provide adolescents with opportunities to learn and develop skills (Bronfenbrenner, 1979 Larson Verma, 1999). In addition to specific skills, participating in sports and clubs may facilitate learning organizational, planning, and time management skills that are important for school success. Furthermore, participation may have implications for the self-system (Holland Andre, 1987). For example, participating on a sports team may promote self-confidence. Also students learn the attitude of respect toward their counterparts. They judge to tie up their good school relationships and continue their friendships outside of the context of school. The feeling of self efficacy can also be positive within individuals as they see themselves supporters of other fellow students and the leaders of the groups. lead qualities are the special personal traits that their root can be alter within school days.2.2.3. Academic Extracurricular ActivitiesExtracurricular activities that focus on academic areas include the school newspaper, quiz team, science club, school government, and make out team or journalism club. Each of these activities promotes academic excellence and provides students with an opportunity to expand their content acquaintance outside the classroom (Linder, 1999). While building leadership skills, students will also learn the advantages of technical writing, keeping and meeting deadlines and public speaking. Students will also have opportunities to broaden their content knowledge about unfamiliar subjects by conducting research in preparation for debates or academic competitions (Mahoney Cairns, 1997).Regarding the role of extracurricular activities for ESL/EFL students, Al-Ansari (2000) confirmed the previous research that render curricular characterization to the target language through English-medium instruction would attend intuitively to be a qualitatively different and say-soly much richer source of intake than other, less sheltered kinds of exposure, especially as outlying(prenominal) as the development of academic proficiency in the target language is concerned (Krashen 1982 Wigzell 1983 Wesche Ready 1985). ).In order to verify this impression, Al-Ansari (2000) carried out a study in a sample of Bahraini university students.He g ave the students two types of questionnaire. The first part of the questionnaire was designed to measure the amount of extra-curricular contact and the second part the amount of curricular contact through English-medium instruction in subjects other than English language.For the first part of the questionnaire, a set of questions, each with three alternative responses, was formulated to measure the frequency/duration of each of the modes of contact Extra-curricular comprehend activities included watching English videos, films and TV shows, audience to English programs on the radio. Listening activities consisted of both academic and nonacademic extracurricular activities. The coterminous category was out-of-class speaking activities with various categories of competent English speakers such as parents, teachers, fellow-students and others, both on and off campus. Like the previous category, this one also included both academic and nonacademic extracurricular activities. The third classification was reading activities involving different kinds of reading existents in English such as newspapers and magazines, stories, non-fictional material other than course-related material. The focus of this category was mainly nonacademic materials. Next item was social interaction with the target language community within Bahrain in places such as home, in clubs, recreation centers and other locations. Here the emphasis was loosely on nonacademic activities. The next part of the questionnaire belonged to questions regarding contact hours of English-medium instruction per week.The findings with regard to extra-curricular contact had different implications for different categories of learners.As far as the average achievers were concerned, the implications were go onin order to improve their proficiency level, they need to be more engaged in various extra-curricular activities in the target language, especially listening and speaking activities.The results obtained for h igh achievers and underachievers, however, suggested that contact with the language outside the classroom was not a solution that would guarantee further linguistic development at all levels of attainment.With regard to the underachievers or false beginners, the findings were consistent with two possible inferenceseither their level of proficiency was too low for them to derive any benefit from the kind of extra-curricular exposure they got to the language, which would suggest that much of the input they acquire was largely incomprehensible, or they did not have the necessary cognitive and communicatory characteristics to derive the kind of benefit from their exposure that would be reflected in higher scores in an academically biased proficiency test overmuch of what has emerged from the Al-Ansaris (2000) study supported Krashens (1982) views.Central to his main thesis is the claim that certain linguistic environments and certain kinds of linguistic activity are a richer source of intake than others.This claim was proved by Al-Ansaris (2000) findings, which presented that sheltered curricular exposure correlates more consistently with attained levels of proficiency than unsheltered extra-curricular exposure.In another study, Dheram and rani (2007) carried out a study on how the newspaper as an academic extracurricular activity could be used for promoting learner autonomy in an international classroom with varying levels of English proficiency. It highlighted how the authentic use of the language helped the ESL/EFL teacher turn the newspaper into a powerful tool for boost reflections on its relevance to language learning. Similarly, the activities demonstrated how the students imaginative and creative potential could be used for

Bowlbys Attachment Theory: Applications in Social Work

Bowlbys addendum Theory Applications in Social Work outline and Evaluate appendix Theory and Assess Its Value for Social Work. adhesiveness supposition, pioneered by John Bowlby, holds that an individuals emotional and interpersonal increment throughout life can be unders alsod, and is ultimately shaped by and rooted in, a system of cite deportments they form and internalize during a critical period in early life.According to Bowlby, addition port in kidskinren arises out of an innate, instinctual hold for host days and stability. (Bowlby, 1969) Though a tike can form multiple hampers, on that shoot for is comm still one chief(a) embodiment they place at the top of their hierarchy. This is usually the electric s namers m new(prenominal). But there is nothing intrinsic about the maternal descent per se that establishes its primacy over other attachment relationships. It is simply that mothers are a lot the almost sensitive and antiphonal phencyclidines on a a ccordant bottom over the longest period of time.There are important numeric and qualitative distinctions Bowlby draws to by rights describe the attachment relationship. The qualitative distinction has to do with the nature of caregiving. Children form attachments solutiond upon the sensibility and responsiveness of an adults fight downion to attachment demeanors. Hence, an adult who feeds a baby bird besides who is at the same time insensitive or unresponsive will be a less likely candidate for attachment than an adult who does not feed them except remains sensitive and responsive in their interactions with the child. point with the qualitative conditions met, the attachment relationship is still based upon their consistent exercise over an extended period of time. It is not enough to be responsive and sensitive as a caregiver in one compositors case or another. Healthy attachment relationships are formed with these qualitative conditions properly met over time. The prim ary attachment figure is usually the most consistent and continually present person who interacts with the child. Further much, this quantitative distinction appears to be the more significant of the two in forming attachment relationships because the lack of seize caregiver responsiveness has been shown not to sever or invalidate the attachment relationship, but to result in un whole and even pathological attachment behaviours. (Ainsworth, 1985)So the need for security and stability on the part of the infant results in attachment behaviours directed most commonly at a parent, usually the mother, who becomes their primary attachment figure. The nature of these behaviours is determined by how the primary attachment figure responds to them. Thus, the attachment relationship reflects the interaction amid infant need and enate rejoinder.One of the most readily identifiable attachment behaviours is proximity pursuit, where the child responds to distressful or frightening stimulus b y butt againstking out their primary attachment figure. It is this security that the infants instinctual behaviour is designed to achieve. The routine of this security is critical for the formation of a psychological stability that allows proper reading to occur. Separation (or the threat of separation) from the caregiver, or incompatible caregiver results to attachment behaviour, can result in alarm and perplexity which arrest the exploitation of the child as they pick upk to reestablish the security that allows them to naturally develop.Bowlby identifies the time period of six months to two years of age as a critical stage where most of the basic attachments, and after(prenominal) which, the fundamental internalizations of an internal nameing lesson are formed. During this time infants and toddlers lie with to display attachment behaviours that spawn relationships with caregivers which will form the basis for how they interact and relate to the rest of the world.Bowlb y describes the internal working model, which develops after the sensitivity period, as a basis of understanding against which the child relates and responds to e very(prenominal)thing from the experience and outline of emotions to the formation and understanding of benevolent relationships and interactions. The internal working model is not irrevocably fixed during the critical period, but it is most hard and initially influenced there. Hence the developmental importance, and impress, of this period on the child is of bulky significance to their healthy growth and future well-being.Whereas Bowlbys model views attachments as the building blocks of an internal working model that last outs to develop throughout the childs life, it does not delve deeply into the role of security created by attachment behaviours, and the various kinds of behaviour that can follow from various paternal responses.Here, Mary Ainsworths addition to attachment surmise is similarly pioneering. Ainswort h identifies the role of the primary attachment figure as a secure base from which the child is free to explore. (Ainsworth et al., 1978) This exploration is a natural part of the childs development and will occur uniquely according to the give factors present in the personality and piece of music of each child.Such exploration occurs, however, under the conditions of healthy attachment. To identify distinct types of attachments, Ainsworth conducted an empirical study know as the strange shoes which yielded three initial classifications of attachment behaviour secure, insubordinate, avoidant. Later studies following up on this work added a one-quarter disorganized, usually resulting from abusive situations or mentally unsound parental response. Together, these cardinal categories form the commonly accepted classifications of attachment behaviour within the child/caregiver relationship in attachment possible action.In the strange situation study, a mother entered a path with her child. After they were left totally and the child began playing with toys a stranger entered the room and began talking with the mother, indeed advancemented the child with a toy. The mother left as the stranger industrious the child, indeed returned. The child was then left entirely after which the stranger, then the mother successively returned. Finally, the stranger left and the mother and child were alone together in the room again.The study looked at how the children responded to the presence and absence of their mother and a stranger, in different variations, and how they explored the room and take upd the toys. steadfastly attached infants explored the room while remaining aware of their attachment figures location. They were alarmed by their mothers departure from the room and comforted by her return. They were also more comfortable and willing to engage the stranger in the presence of their mother, and more comfortable with the strangers interaction with their mother absent than those not securely attached. Avoidant insecurely-attached children showed little response upon their mothers departure or return while resistant insecurely-attached children displayed extreme distress upon their mothers departure and resistance upon reunion, as if the need for the caregiver had been recognized but not accompanied by a feeling of security in accepting their comforting gestures, perchance due to inconsistent parental sensitivity and responsiveness to the childs needs.Here it is clear that the consistency of parental availability and the manner of parental response are key in determining the foundational framework of how children react to their environment and interact with others.We see with Bowlby and Ainsworth the development of a model cerebrate on the earliest stages of interpersonal and emotional development which not only identifies the correlative impact upon the well-being of children in later life, but hand overs a framework for underst anding the causal factors involved in different types of determine behaviours.This is a peculiarly useful cats-paw in the field of societal work where myriad factors often complicate the view of how best to impact a childs welfare. (Howe et al., 1999) Understanding the developmental aspects that inform healthy behaviour and growth is an important tool in confronting many of the challenges approach sociable workers today.This is evident in the first vitrine of Howe et al.s Attachment Theory, Child Maltreatment, and Family Support A Practice and Assessment Model. His first example is of a woman, Melanie, who was raised by a demanding, abusive, and mentally-unsound mother, who was sexually abused by her father regularly (He died of a heart-attack the evening after he had talk with her at the age of fourteen), and who has three children. Her oldest son, Peter, age 7, has exhibited violent behaviour toward other children, demonstrated actions of theft, arson, cruelty toward animal s, and has no friends. Her second son, age 3, is quiet and she is faint-hearted about her ability to raise her infant daughter.Howe describes how a developmental positioning based on peoples past and present socio-emotional experiences, particularly within close relationships, offers a powerful insight into human personality, styles of caregiving and the reference work of interpersonal life. (Howe et al., 1999, p.3) It is this insight that enables an understanding of root causes amidst the fog of developmental complexness that plays into the challenges facing social workers. With attachment theory as a tool, go through the fog of factors that form a persons makeup and identifying the appropriate solution is not an impossible task.Attachment theory provides campaign for a developmental understanding of individuals. As much(prenominal) it is a bulky tool for social workers bound by increasing regulations and legalities. For children living in residential homes, the theory can e nable an acute understanding of their development in unique situations, as well as create stabilising guidelines for parents to foster healthy development of their children. It also enables a reliable discernment of whether or not a child may be in danger, whether parental practices are contributing to the continuing maladjustment of the child, and whether or not it is appropriate to leave them in their current care.Howe et al. also mention attachment theory can help foster parents make sense of children who seem conception on rejecting the love offered by their new family. (Howe et al., 1999, p.4) Understanding the developmental golf links between the growth of individuals (or lack thereof) and past attachment relationships is a tool useful to virtually every part of social work.In the introduce of much(prenominal) a powerful tool based on theory, however, there are always censures. Much like Bowlbys admonition of the psychoanalytical theories that dominated the communicat ion prior to attachment theory (as being too preoccupied with childrens psychology in their world of fantasy), psychoanalytic criticisms of attachment theory stress its preoccupation with attachment realities as myopic. (Steele H, Steele M, 1998) (Cassidy, 1998) Other criticisms, such as Maureen miners Back to the Basics in Attachment to divinity Revisiting Theory in Light of Theology, points to the lack of attention to concepts of idol during the development of the theories of attachment. There has been little attention paid to ways in which God might be different from human attachment figures most obviously, that God is not a physical being whose form and response to human beings can be observed. (Miner, 2007)An anthropocentric treatment of God has resulted in a dismissal of theological realities for many people, particularly as it relates to conviction upon and attachments to God. The problem is compounded by the collective inability of individuals to include God in the em pirical investigations of attachment theory. Add to this the fact that a volume of people in the world, and indeed many millions in Western countries, and we see the foundations for the explanatory power of attachment theory to begin to show cracks. Miner concludes, however, that the lack of empirical investigation does not preclude attachment theory from accounting for God. Rather, a rigorous theological dialogue in the development of psychological theories of attachment to God opens the door to possibilities of study between theologians and psychologists as they investigate how secure (and insecure) attachment relationships with God might operate. (Miner, 2007)The impact of this criticism on social work is significant as it relates to individuals who may have attachment relationships with concepts of God. However, the explanatory power of attachments that do not involve such concepts do not appear in danger. Miners criticism is, in effect, a humbling check on the would-be cross wise-the-board aspirations of attachment theories explanatory power in the field of social work. fetching this criticism into account is imperative in keeping the theory, and social work based upon it, honest.Another important point of concern is the cross-cultural finishing of attachment theory. In a pluralistic western society, the cross-cultural implications of reckon in attachment theory to social work are very real. While the general consensus is that attachment theory is fundamentally valid across cultures, those analyses suffer from a magnification of Miners criticism that a theological conversation is absent, particularly in countries and cultures far more spiritual and centered on concepts of the divine than the layman West.A great fate of research has been done in different cultures on attachment theory and attachment theorists Prior, Glaser and Kingsley rise up that Commencing with Ainsworths findings in Uganda and Baltimore, US, studies followed in many different c ultures, all of which found attachment theory to be applicable across cultures. (Prior et al., 2006, p.81) Ijzendoorn and Sagi state after exhaustive research the universal validity of attachment theory appears to be confirmed in cross-cultural research. (Cassidy et al., 1999, p.730)The absence of a theological conversation in Miners criticism is think on a Trinitarian conception of God from a Christian point of view. The UKs significant Muslim populations only add to the relevance of this criticism. In fact, it can be argued that while Christians exhibit an institutionalized tolerance for secular institutions and concepts (Render unto Caesar), no such allowances will be forthcoming among Muslims. Add to this the factors of inconsistency and unequal opportunity that challenge Muslim populations in the West and you see a significant stumbling block for social workers in this kind of environment. It may indeed be unfair to subject Muslims to the analysis that they are avoidant or re sistant insecurely attached. The possibilities of a theological conversation may be bleak as well.Interestingly enough, this does not liquidate attachment theories relevance or importance in social work. Rather, it serves as an important refinement for its use. For example, Susanne Bennet and Loretta Vitals Saks identify its application between students and field instructors in the field of social work. A logical extension of Bowlbys original hypothesis is that attachment theory and research can provide a lens for conceptualizing the field supervisor-student supervisee relationship. Specifically, knowledge of internal working models of attachment can increase understanding of the bringing upal process and the dynamics of supervision. (Bennet Saks, 2006)The mood of the secure base forms the foundation of how supervisors ought to manage student growth and education as they explore social work and encounter challenges. Of course, the development of such a relationship would require empirical study, evaluation and development on its own, and the authors caution about the limits of attachment theory as an explanatory tool, but conclude that With this warning in mind, attachment theory can compound an understanding of the supervisory relationship, without the supervisor becoming a parent or therapist to the student, because all adults have internalized models of attachment that influence their relational style, disregarding of context. The expectation is that, in an attachment-based approach to supervision, field instructors will find pellucidness regarding the ideal supervisory relationship and guidance when problems arise. Likewise, when students feel understood in a secure relationship, they will find that supervision offers a effective environment for learning, facilitating their exploration and professional growth. (Bennet Saks, 2006)Attachment theory does indeed return at some fundamental truth at the heart of human development. The truth is, however, that the temptation to run away with it gives rise to the danger of reductionism. In a field as complex and important as social work, the application of theories with such powerful explanatory power is cautioned by on the alert use and consideration. The field of social work is also an important celestial orbit of research into the application of attachment theory where attachment theorists themselves may find mutual benefit as well. As long as the disciplines continue independently, however, many interesting developments may be missed. A coordinated approach is not likely any time soon, but stands as a hopeful possibility for the future with incalculable benefits.

Promoting Tanzanias Tourism in the UK

Promoting Tanzanias touring carry in the UKHow Tanzania regimes push aside progress touristry to UK?The agent that forget enable Tanzania to promote and commercialise touristry to UK tourists, and how touristry opportunities can be exploited to thread much UK visitors.Table of contents (Jump to)Introduction literary works ReviewChapter 1 Tanzania and tourismChapter 2 The sustainable DebateChapter 3 touristry and presidencysChapter 4 touristry and Marketing methodology1. Research Philosophy1.1 How do we shake off it a mode what is valid?2. Research Approach3. Research Strategies3.1 Case Study4. beat Horizons5. Data Collections Methods5.1 Sampling5.2 Market Research Questionnaire5.3 Questionnaire Design6. Data epitome7. Research Ethics8. Politics of AccessFindingsInterpretation of FindingsConclusionReferencesBibliography vermiform emergenceAppendix IIAppendix IIIIntroductionTanzania is situated besides when south of the equator in East Africa. The mainland lies amidst the nations of the great lakes Victoria, Tanganyika and Malawi, with the Indian ocean on its coastline to the east (Africa Guide Online 1). Tanzania has frontiers with the following countries to the North Kenya and Uganda, to the West Rwanda, Burundian and Democratic Republic of Congo, to the South Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique, to the East Indian Ocean (Tanzanian Government Online1). The agricultural is in like manner the home to the Kilimanjaro which is with its 19,340ft, the high-pitchedest mountain in Africa (Africa Guide Online 1). Dodoma is the brassal capital with a population of 300,000, composition Dar es Salaam is the countries commercialized capital (Tanzanian Government Online 1).Tanzania has three main climatic aras the coastal ara and immediate hinterland, with tropical conditions and an average of 26.6C (80) and which is high in humidity the central plateau, which is hot and prohibitionist and the third region is the semi-temperate highland b eas, with a healthy and cool climate (Africa Guide Online 2). The hot periods argon between November and February and the coldest areas between May and August (Tanzanian Government Online 1). In regards to when the best gentle for tourists to visit is, writers attend not to have found a consensus al near suggest the standard tourist season is January and February, as the hot dry weather at this metre of the year is generally considered to be the most pleasant (Lonely Planet Online). While unlikes press that the best times to impress is between July through to adjoin for the Northern and Southern parts of Tanzania as intumesce as Zanzibar. And for the Western area the months from May through to March are most suitable for tourist activities (Tanzania Online).Tanzania belongs to the poorest countries in the world. In 2005 the arena has a population of 36,766,356 and a population growth rate of 1.83% (2005 est.), while 36% (in 2002 est.) of the population is below penury l ine (CIA Online). How ever, on that point are various numbers in regards to this subject, and around of them level(p) claim that it is 50% of the population which lives below the penury line (Tanzanian Government Online 1). And although the numbers are still shocking, in that respect chit-chatms to have been both(prenominal) improvement in equipment casualty of the poverty in Tanzania in the past 20 or so years. Since in 1988, according to IFDA, there were virtually 12 million campestral Tanzanians, or 60 per cent of the rural population, subsisting below the poverty line (IFDA, 1992, Cooksey, cited in Bierman and Moshi, 199777).The population in the mainland consist of 99% autochthonous Africans (of which 95% are Bantu consisting of more than 130 tribes). And the other 1% consists of Asians, Europeans and Arabs. However, in Zanzibar the mix of populations differs, there are much more Arabs, some native African, and whence mixes between the two (CIA Online).This again i s mirrored in the religion represented, in the mainland its 30% Christians, 35% Muslims and 35% indigenous beliefs, where as in Zanzibar its more than 99% Muslim (CIA Online).The official words is Kiswahili or Swahili (called Kiunguja in Zanzibar). English is the official primeval language of commerce, judicial system and higher education. But Arabic is naturally widely spoken in Zanzibar, and on top there are various further topical anesthetic languages all over Tanzania, naturally with more than 130 different tribes (CIA Online).The gross domestic product composition by sector looks as followed agriculture 43.2%, industry 17.2%, function 39.6% (2004 est.). The economy heavily depends on agriculture (coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum, cashew nuts, tobacco, cloves, corn, wheat, cassava (tapioca), bananas, fruits, vegetables cattle, sheep and goats), business sexual congressship for almost half of GDP (85% of exports, employing 80% of work force). The official sanction flo w in 2000 was 1,044.6million USD, which was 11.6% share of GDP in the year 2000. (Ellis and Freeman, 2005)Tanzania seems invariable under the Mkapa president prevailership, that, political paralysis and deep rifts between minorities seem to have manifested themselves and are unlikely to disappear within the near future. likewise is the support of the opposition (against Mkapa) growing, leading in 2001 to massive rallies and sometimes even so violence.The economy received massive boosts in 2001 with the opening of the Bulyanuhu gold exploit and in 2004 with the opening of the Songosongo natural gas field.Tanzania was overly one of the countries modify by the recent December 2004 Tsunami. However, thank to the full the governing had enough time to react to the warnings, and therefrom evacuate most of the area, leaving exactly 13 killed (Lonely Planet Online).Please see Appendix I on rogue 3233 for a brief outline of the earlier history of Tanzania.The following utterance provide begin by looking at the current placement and issues in Tanzanias tourism industry. The second chapter go out look at the truly timely issue of sustainability in tourism and in regards to Tanzania and the overly the UK consumers attitude towards it. The third chapter go out examine the role of governments in the tourism process. In the fourth chapter the merchandising tools for a tourism cultivation volition be analysed. This is then followed by the methodology, which will explain the methods and methodology use for this dissertation. Then the findings are presented, and interpreted. Finally a conclusion will rent to a close the dissertation. Furthermore, naturally, there are the references, bibliography and some appendices.The dissertation will by no subject matter be exhaustive, repayable to the time, word, monetary and admittance restraints. It is merely designed to ground some ideas towards a possible bureau of a better promotion of Tanzania in regards to t he UK market. Literature ReviewLiterature ReviewChapter 1 Tanzania and Tourism in the lead looking at what the means for promoting tourism are, firstly an analysis of the current state of tourism and its businesss in Tanzania is necessary.Wangwe et al. (199867) write on tourism possibilities Tanzania is blessed with many attractions for tourism including wildlife, uprise Kilimanjaro, and beautiful beaches. There are excessively many cultural and historic attractions as well, such as traditional ngomas, and Zanzibar and other coastal towns whose sights channelize the interaction of East Africa with many ancient civilizations including the Romans, the Indians and the Middle East.Tourism in Tanzania is a fairly forward-looking breeding. In item for nearly three decades later Tanzanias independence, tourism kept a very low profile. However, the National Tourism Policy, which was put in place in 1991, and the government policy of trade and economic liberalization have had a pos itive impact on the acceleration of tourism development. And As of 1994, the National Park system had expanded to eleven, namely, Serengeti, Ruaha, Ngorongoro, Mikumi, Tarangire, Katavi, Kilimanjaro, Rubondo, Manyara, Arusha and Gombe Stream. withal In 1994 about 262,000 tourists visited Tanzania (Wangwe et al. 199867).In item, tourism is Tanzanias fastest growing sector, however still counting for less than 10% of GDP (Author Unknown, Nov.2002). And tourism is also Tanzanias second largest foreign exchange earner (Author Unknown, 01/02/1998). Pollock (cited in Fennell, 2003) writes that tourism has started to be an principal(prenominal) part in the economy of Tanzania. However, the grandeur of game conservations has been recognized nationally as well as internationally, rest in direct contrast to tourism development. And also although tourism may help to fund conservation and development, the reliance on it can be problematic due to the fickle genius of the market (Smith an d Duffy, 2003).However, the tourism industries commissioning statement which forms the basis of the tourism endning policy is to .develop quality tourism that is ecologically friendly to the conservation and restoration of the environment and its peoples culture (Author Unknown, Tanzania Government Online 2).Nevertheless, National Parks are already ofttimes overcrowded, and this is ontogenesis into a serious problem (Hein, 1997). The Sopa Lodges in Tanzania are fully watchworded throughout the summer, and Agent Nina Wennersten of Woodcliff Lake says that Tanzanias tourism has doubled in each of the last two years (Ruggia, 2004). Also the Africa Safari Cos chief executive Susie Potter said that the year 2005 was organization up to be a great year for them (Travel trade, 17/11/2004). Smulian (2005) writes that agents should advise visitors hoping to see the stunning wildlife of Tanzanias national parks to book early this year, after the countries best-ever season saw overbooking at lodges last summer. all(a) in all it seems that Tanzanians tourism market is booming. The UK is in fact the largest tourism market for Tanzania, says director of the Tanzania Tourist Board, Peter Mwenguo. He also notes in 2004 that the tourism industry in Tanzania is booming now (Ruggia, 2004).And although environmental drives seem to be taken seriously, such as the Serena Hotel Chain in Tanzania, which operates to environmental standards that are among the worlds best (Middleton and Hawkins, 1998). Nevertheless, the country is lacking in adequate infrastructure and there seems to be no multi-sectoral approach, nor has the development of tourism been very coordinated (Wangwe et al. 199868).This then supplys the government with various ruggedies in developing a sustainable tourism policy, and writers such as Schmale (1993) give examples of Tanzania in regards to the socio-political and economical environment and the challenges local organizations face. For example there is th e problem of the socio-cultural impact on the Maasai people whose traditional territory includes the National Parks. exercise for the Maasai living around these parks was limited to posing for photographs and selling swap souvenirs (Bachman, 1988, cite in Hall and Lew 199863).Tanzania markers high-spending tourists and the steep rise in tourist numbers have increased the pressure on services (Author Unknown, Nov.2002). The country is thus opening up opportunities along the Indian Ocean shoreline (Author Unknown, Nov.2002) namely the CC Africa lodges on less-visited parts of Tanzania (Dunford, 2004).However, Vesely (2000) comments that there are also jackpot of possibilities for not so wealthy visitors to go to Tanzania, and that there are well developed camp-sites, tented camps and motel style facilities.However, in the past eight years, there also has been some negative news on Tanzania. Just recently there were two British students shot in a violent footle on the Island of Pe mba in Tanzania (Dennis, 2004). The Foreign and the Commonwealth Office immediately updated the journey advice, since last month there was already a fatal shooter of a British tourist and a fatal shooting of a British businessman in Tanzania. And tour operators do believe that this will hit tourist numbers in a negative room (Dennis, 2004). Unfortunately, these incidents have not been the first once, and there have been events already in earlier years. In 1998, US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were bombed by terrorists, naturally resulting in heavy cancellations from US tourists at the time (Berger, 1998). Furthermore were there some political violence incidents in Zanzibar in 2001, which spoiled the reputation of Tanzania as a stable and progressive democracy (Vesely, 2001). One could expect and argue that all of these incidents had negative impacts on the tourism in Tanzania, and thus a special part in Chapter 4 Tourism and Marketing will be allocated toward the selling of a destination in crisis.Chapter 2 The sustainable DebateThe higher up chapter has outlined that Tanzanias tourism industry is execute very well, and that indeed the UK tourists are their prime market. In fact, there were even overbooking last year, due to such high demand. Consequently, there are new resorts opening up and it is questionable to whether one should further exploit the tourism opportunities, in the light of sustainable development and tourism.Although modern mass tourism only appeared post war 1950s (Weaver and Oppermann, 2000 and Winpenny, 1991), the results that uncontrolled exploitation of tourism opportunities has shown is catastrophic, as can be seen on examples such as the Spanish coast (Richards and Hall, 2000). Thus unsurprisingly, sustainability is arguably the new fad word in the tourism industry, since many destinations now face environmental, socio-cultural and even economical redress caused by the chaotic growth of (mass) tourism. In fact There are exampl es from almost every country in the world, where tourism development has been identify as beingness the main cause of environmental degradation (Lickorish and Jenkins, 199985).Therefore, the reading of sustainable development is of crucial importance. The definition offered at the Globe 90 Conference in Vancouver for sustainable tourism and development was as followed Sustainable tourism development is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that we can fulfil economic, social and aesthetic needs while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological novelty and life support systems (Tourism Stream Action Committee 1990, Ledbury cited in Hein, 199730).Tourisms impacts can be divided into three elements economical, environmental and socio-cultural (Coltman, 1989). Thus, those are the three headings that not only the sustainable debate, only also other outcomes should be measurable at. Therefore, according to sustainable touris m, three points have to be achieved through tourism developmentIncreasing economic value of tourismAn improvement in the life quality of peopleProtection and creditworthy use of natural resources (Keyser, 2002)And also consumers are responding to this new sustainability trend. In fact, mainstream consumer preferences are being influenced by this movement for responsible forms of tourism (Goodwin cited in Jenkins et al. 2002). And fuckup (2003) notes on an important shift to a growth in estimable consumption. Thus, sustainability also indirectly influences the economic impact, in terms of consumer choices for sustainability.Especially our intent market, the UK, seems to show an interest in criticism of tourism development and bountiful tourism and tourists (Allen and Brennan, 2005). Therefore, sustainability development and tourism should be practiced by the Tanzania government and tourism industry. Not only because it will help to ensure that the environment will not get too spo iled and thus leave good prospects for future tourism business, but also because it might arguably be seen as favourable by the UK target market.Chapter 3 Tourism and the GovernmentThe involvement of governments in the process of tourism promotion arguably varies in levels depending on the country. And thus the question arises whether and when governments should be involved, not only in the marketing, but in the business of tourism.Jeffries (2001) argues that due to the cooperation and coordination required, due to the complexity of the industry and its products, debatably only the government has the authority and apparatus to organize such madely. Furthermore does he outline that in very poor developing countries (such as Tanzania) governments are encouraged by aid programmes to use tourism not only as a tool to combat poverty but as a means for encouraging and financing biodiversity and nature conservation, a matter of considerable interest in donor communities (Jeffries, 200110 6).Therefore, it could be suggested that the governments involvement seems of crucial importance to the success of Tanzanias tourism future, but also to the country in itself in terms of sustainability on the economic, environmental and socio-cultural aspect.In fact, the Tanzanian government seems to have recognized such, and is highly come to with improving the infrastructure quality and diversity, ease of destination entry formalities, edict of applicable taxes and maintenance of peace, stability and security, regulation of foreign exchange regulations and controls (Tanzania Government Online 2).Chapter 4 Tourism and Marketing. marketing is a strategic process that aims to fit the resources of a destination to the opportunities existing in the market (Godfrey and Clarke, 2000125). spare-time activity the judgment of this quote, one could postulate that marketing is finding a way to identify the market which will be interested in the resources available.Before the promotion of the destination starts, a marketing plan should be established.The marketing process which results in a marketing plan should focus on answering four questionsWhere are we now? situation analysis PEST and porters 5forces and SWOTWhere do we want to be? marketing objectivesHow do we get there? strategies and tacticsHow do we know if weve got there? monitoring before-and-after query, marketing productivity ratios, evaluation and control.(Godfrey and Clarke, 2000)This should then lead to 2 different marketing plans, a 3-5 year strategic marketing plan, fixateting the outlines for the activities and the directions for the annual plans. And the annual or the tactical marketing plan which should have detailed actions and methods for monitoring achievement (Godfrey and Clarke, 2000).Then it is important to look at the consumer behaviour. The consumer buying process can be garbled down into five travel Problem Recognition, Information Search, evaluation of Alternatives, Purchase, Post -Purchase Evaluation or behaviour (Dibb et al., 2001 and Kotler et al. 199347). It is debatably of crucial importance to understand the behaviour of the consumers, as especially during the information search and the evaluation of alternatives stages they are faced with so many possible tourism destinations. Pike (2004) argues that consumers nowadays have more product choices but less decision making time than ever before. Therefore underlining that the means in which the consumer comes in contact with the marketing effort of Tanzania, arguably needs to be memorable and favourable. Pike (2004) further outlines this by arguing that the size of a consumers decision set of destinations will be limited to approximately four, and destinations not included in that set, are much less likely to be chosen.Next the market instalment for Tanzania needs to be identified. A market segment can be defined as a subgroup of the total consumer market whose members share harsh characteristics relevan t to the purchase or use of the product (Holloway, 2004 116).There are different types of partition geographic air division, demographic segmentation, psychographic segmentation and behavioural segmentation (Kotler et al. 1999). Due to the given constraints, it is impossible to undertake serious market segmentation in this dissertation.After the segmentation has been decided upon, the destination needs positioning. The successful implementation needs to follow these seven steps. position the target market in travel context invest the competitive set of destinations in the target market and travel context.Identify the motivation/benefits sought by previous visitors and non-visitors.Identify perception of the strengths and weaknesses of each of the competitive set of destinations.Identify opportunities for differentiated positioning.Select and implement the position.Monitor the performance of the positioning system over time.(Pike, 2004117)The positioning elements consist of the de stination name, a symbol and a slogan (Pike, 2004). The name, in a case for a tourist destination is naturally already given, However, the Tanzanian government should think of a creative symbol that will stay in peoples mind. Also (according to Pike, 2004) does Tanzania not have a slogan yet, therefore a attention-getting slogan such as I New York should be developed.All of those efforts will help in creating a strike off image. A discoloration is more than a symbol its a promise to the consumer, and thus represents more than a logo (Pike, 2004). And since holidays are a high-risk purchase, due to the fact that the tourist can neither directly observe what is being bought nor try it out (Goodall and Ashworth, 1988), it seems of vital importance that a strong brand image is developed. And brand loyalty can be easily measured by repeat and referral customers (Pike, 2004).There are three marketing strategies that lead to commercial success low hail leadinghip, differentiation (hi gh added value) and focus (specialization to uniqueness) (Holloway, 2004). From the above analysis it could be argued that Tanzania does not rely on low cost leadership, but rather on a differentiation strategy. In fact Differentiation is the path chosen by most brand leaders in any industry (Holloway, 2004270).The next step should be to pass away information and messages to the public, which can be done through four different ways advertising, personal selling, sales promotion and publicity (Holloway, 2004).The advertising can take numerous forms and can diversify from persuasive to reminder advertising, variations from high to low budget, from a mood or image to a magic trick or a lifestyle message, from newspaper to television, direct mail to radiocommunication and magazines to the timing of the media (and many more) (Kotler et al., 1999).The success can be measured in the communication effect through copy testing. The pre-testing through the direct paygrade should naturally be done prior to the release of the advertising. And for post-testing an advertisement, recall tests or recognition tests can be used (ibid.). The sales effect should be measured, which however proves a rather difficult task. Although there often is a relationship between promotional spend on sales, the exact correlation coefficient is almost impossible to establish, due to so many other influences (Holloway, 2004).The RETOSA (Regional Tourism Organization of Southern Africa) marketing look and promotions manager Francis Mfune says that they need to target the trade, especially wholesalers if they want to promote their tourist destinations well (Ruggia, 2004, II). Therefore, it could be sure that the government tries and establish good relations with wholesalers in the UK.The public relation is another promotional tool for the government of Tanzania. However, arguably not unceasingly are the public relations controllable. As can be demonstrate on the case were some tourism offi cials of Tanzania, Kenya and Ethiopia blaming the negative media publicity which portrays Africa as a terrorist continent, for the business loss in their tourism industries (Verde, 2003).The PR activities vary from press relations to product publicity, corporate communication, lobbying and counselling (Kotler et al. 1999). The Tanzanian government could use PR promotion in the form of publications, special events, news, and speeches (ibid.)And as for promoting Tanzania under the current problems with crime and terrorism, there are some steps to marketing of a destination in crisisStep 1 Identify the event/problem as either a crisis or a hazardStep 2 Establish a crisis management aggroup (Media and PR, relations with the travel industry in source markets, destination solution coordination with the local tourism industry, liaison with local and regional tourism government activity and foreign governments, governments advisories and travel insurance and alliances with tour operators , airlines and hospitality industry representatives avail the destination in source markets)Step 3 Promoting the destination during and after a crisisStep 4 Monitoring recovery and analysing the crisis experience(Beirman, 2003).MethodologyIn the methodology, it will be outlined how the inquiry was conducted, which designs and methods were used as well as how the entropy was collected and an explanation of why the point methods were used. The explore process onion (please see Appendix II on page 34) developed by Saunders et al. (2003 83) was used as guidance and hopefully helps elucidate seek method and methodology used to the reader.1. Research philosophyThe research philosophy is represented by two different trees of thought the realist (objectivist) and the relativist (subjectivist) (Saunders et al., 2003).Realist positivistic, a stance of a natural scientist, believes in quantitative data and external realities. Relativist interpretivism, believes in qualitative research and the social construction of creation (Saunders et al., 2003).It places a rather difficult task to identify which philosophy the research was based on, as there are parts of both corners apparent. However, the realist corner arguably was more present. To further examine the different philosophies, it would be prudent to look at realism and relativism in the view of ontology and epistemology. Ontology is take upd as the assumptions we make about the nature of reality (Easterby-Smith et al. 2002 31), while epistemology is the general set of assumptions about the best ways of inquiring into the nature of the world (Easterby-Smith et al. 2002 31).1.1 How do we know what is validDuring the first part of the dissertation, the research was focused on secondary research, including some quantitative data. The disparity between some of the research makes it difficult to depict a clear picture. The realist perspective sees validity in whether the research procedures can supply an accurate illustration of reality (Easterby-Smith, 2002).arguably this proves almost impossible in the country of Tanzania, due to the differences between Tribes, as well as due to the lack of formally conducted research, and the disparity of locations and conditions of living standards of people. However, for the secondary research conducted about the theories of tourism, sustainability and marketing, a reliable picture should have been depicted on the various theories and concepts. All the secondary data was equanimous from books, academic journals, online databases such as Ebscohost.com, newspaper articles and online resources.As for the primary research, only a small sample of research was conducted, making the reliability of this preposterous. However, the primary research was mainly used to tests some of the marketing theories, to elucidate which efforts would be worth further considering. The reliability of the research is arguably more positive, as it is unlikely that the respondent s would have given different answers to a different person. The generalizability of the research is limited however, although it might give insights into countries with a similar tourism package, the research was made solely with Tanzania in mind.2. Research ApproachThere are two different research approaches, one is theory testing, namely the deductive approach, and one is theory building, namely the inductive approach (Saunders et al., 2003). Again, it is most difficult to apply one approach only to the research. In the first part, the theory is outlined, and in the primary research, it is tested. However, by no means can it be claimed that this dissertation has build a theory, and thus it is arguably more of a deductive research approach.3. Research StrategiesBy a research strategy, we only mean a general orientation to the conduct of business research (Bryman and Bell, 200325). Bryman and Bell however focused the research strategy on the specialization between researches being conducted through quantitative or qualitative data. Whereas Saunders et al. (2003) see the research strategy more as a general plan of how one goes about answering the research question.3.1 Case StudyDaymon and Holloway (2002) describe the case study research as a rigorous inquiry which uses multiple sources of evidence of a single entity, which is fixed by time and place. It is best used when investigations into the how and why are done. Saunders et al. (2003) see case studies as investigations into a timely topic, using numerous sources of evidence and collection methods including questionnaires, observations, interviews and objective analysis.In the first part of the dissertation, the focus was on giving a clearer picture of the product to be marketed. Because arguably, if one does not know what it is that has to be marketed, one can not identify the means required to market the destination successfully.Therefore, firstly the country Tanzania was introduced, then the state of tourism in Tanzania, followed by a brief outline of the timely issue of sustainability in tourism. Furthermore there is the chapter about tourism and the government. Then the marketing means we

Issues In Intercultural Marriage

Issues In Inter ethnic MarriageAn inter ethnic wedlock is a union of devil people involving numerous gardenings and backgrounds. When two various glossinesss trust unneurotic, there may be home runifi gitt chall(a)enges they need to face. A stopping point may protest from one to another payable socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought. Culture is a system of overlap beliefs and values and is constantly evolving and changing around the realness. The presence of intercultural espousals and intimacy is set down and expanding in societies throughout the Culture may consist of sh argond language, assurance, or ethnicity. America is the one of the greatest multicultural and multiracial societies in the world at the mo workforcet. Nevertheless, this may come across as a coke to virtually people and as lately as 1966, 17 states in United States actually had laws against the interracial marria ge and all of the states modulate marriage between whites and other races in the country. Despite of the signifi lavatoryt quash of intercultural marriages in the U.S today, mere empirical research has been done to determine the tempera custodyt of these marriages (Ngye Snyder, 2000)Communication style and interpersonal relationships are fundamental aspects of culture and bear vary dramatically from one culture to another. It is note worthy to esteem that everyone on this earth has culture, not just those clusters that are considered civilized. The majority of culture is unseen, below the surface. For example, when a Russian man marries an Italian it is not moreover the differences in native language (Russian vs. Italian) and religion (Eastern Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic) but also a host of cultural differences associated with such factors as observation of emotion, conflict expression and management, the role of the f family of origin in gentility children (Sullivan Cott one, 2007)The beliefs and values that lie beneath the surface can be the most difficult to change when it is necessary.(Progressive Scholar, 2010) interracial marriages are not always intercultural marriages, as in some countries, for example United States, people of divergent races can share the same cultural background. (Source Wikipedia, experience access 17th August) it is roaring to comprehend why it is difficult to let go of a impost or expectation. It isnt easy to deal with the legacy that weve all grown up with in our ethnic, religious and socio-economic backgrounds.Though it seems to be a very sentimentalist love story in the beginning but the truth is,it can be very challenging and frustrating in real life. And it is scarce not about being racist, marriage has a deeper meaning to it, which dwells in instinct it, is possible to feel extremely strong and natural banish feelings surrounding an interracial relationship or a marriage veritable(a) though youre not con sider as racist. Legal or not illegal the question is should interracial marriages been support? The union between two diverse cultures altogether entrust give space to polar experiences and opportunities in life, but mostly difficulties in the marriage life where it is concerned. Adoptions to a different culture altogether maybe not turn out to be an easy task.Individually ethnic and cultural variances put pressure on the marriage itself. With two diverse cultures, a family oftentimes has struggle understanding the differences between the families. Most of the time, such differences are not eventide recognise and unexplained. At this position an even larger problem with intercultural marriages. It is easy to scent at why it is difficult to let go of a custom or expectation.It isnt easy to deal with the legacy that weve all grown up with in our ethnic, religious and socio-economic backgrounds. Numerous cultures go out consume of different marriage laws, usance and also par ental disagreements which allow for lead into disputes. There will be lower material satisfaction, higher divorce rates due to logistics. Language barriers, different traditions and societys disapproval these factors will lead into higher misfortune of the marriage. Hence, a union between two cultures should not be encouraged due to the factors mentioned above.The report will consist of three major factors which are mainly focused on miss- contribution towards an inter-cultural marriage. Initially how the marriage is alter by the cultural shock, diverse of marriage laws which can lead in to disagreements plus adaptation to a various cultures and environment factors. Secondly, the societys points of view, Spouse liner discrimination due to colour and differences, if he/she is beyond the racial divide. Last point will conclude of dissipation of culture. The report contains information found on various countries and issues with diverse cultures marriages.BODY OF CONTENTADAPTATION TO A DIFFERENT CULTUREThe main intention of getting marriage is to emotionally, spiritually and physically unite a men and women together, as husband and wife, it is a commitment made in the presence of God, and is valid until death.Intercultural marriages are often influenced by external factors that can create confrontation, and disagreement in relationships. diverse cultures endure vastly diverse moral, ethical and value foundations that influence their perceptions of individual, family and societal lifestyle. When these fundamentals are operating alongside the foundation of different cultural roots, as in intercultural marriages, problems and disagreement often times occur.It takes effort to combine two cultures successfully, and a willing attitude to learn from two partners. The root argument against intercultural marriages is the cultural shock (adaptation to a in the altogether culture). When considering an intercultural marriage every one of the partners have to get intr oduced to a new culture. Ideally both have to get use to each others cultures and laws to survive the marriage and this will create a lot of problems in the process. For an example A non Moslem marrying a Muslim will have to obey to certain laws in Islam Islam forbids marriage between Muslim women and non-Muslim men. Therefore, any partner will have to convert and obey Islamic rules (sound vision, 2010). In the case of Muslim men marrying Jewish and Christian women, the situation is different.While Islam does allow this, Muslim men marrying Jews and Christians need to remember that living in the West, if they end up divorcing, the children will almost automatically be given to the mother. The converting process from one religion to another and adapting to new laws will create massive problems that will even end the marriage. Additional wrinkle in U.S. Muslim family law practices stems from the coordinate of authority in Islamic jurisprudence since there has never been an functio nary church certifying individuals to speak on behalf of the religion, the field is open for any consecrate Muslim to seek to act as imam and lead a community (Quarishi Syed- Miller, 2001) therefore, non-Muslims have a very rare chance of wining and last in the marriage due to different laws in different cultural laws.Moving on,Intercultural marriages have contrasting differences between traditions and cultures. Although a few studies have looked into this aspect, cultural differences also stimulate marital conflicts particularly in intercultural marriages. In fact, the quantitative study of Takano (2002), pointed out that 19% of the marital discords in interethnic couples come to in his study are attributed to cultural differences. Couples that enter a cross-cultural marriage bring into their relationship vastly diverse assumptions and expectations about marriage and family life.Many of these assumptions flow out of the values, unspoken rules and belief systems that permeate th eir particular cultures. These unspoken values have become so much a part of their works that they are almost hidden from view. For an example the way of celebrating Christmas is different in Germany rather than America (J). In fact, many of these cultural differences do not surface until after the couple is married.However, New experiences and new culture altogether may interest a adventurous spouse as its a unique onec ina life time experience and the difficulties greatly look on how religious and culturally bond the families are.Not all hark back out of the box, New strange land, parents and language may cause hurt in the beginning of the marriage life. One spouse will live in the country of origin and the other will be a stranger in a strange land the pleasantness mayb pay heed apart after sometime when trying to fit into a different family ,cuture. Marriage and customs differ from one country and to another culture .For example, Indian marriage customs are varying from mar riage customs of Chinese traditions. In Japan the Japanese bride to be painted axenic white from head to toe, visibly declaring her maiden status to the gods. There are two choices of headgear exist. One which is, the watabshi, is a white hood, the other is called the tsunokakushi, serves to extend the brides horns of jealousy. It also symbolizes the brides intention to become a gentle and obedient wife. During the intent of the traditional wedding days, there would be a tilak ceremony (where the coiffe is anointed on his forehead), a ceremony for adorning the brides hand then cover the feet with tinge (called mehendi) accompanied by Ladies Sangeet (music and dance) and many other pre-wedding ceremonies. Hence, marriage traditions, customs and beliefs may clash due to above points mentioned so far.Religion runs deeper since they practice their faith and it is a part of their cultural identity that they want to hang on to. The accurate, customs and special days associated with t he religion remain significant to them. The regarding devotion of the children will matter some religions deny the validity of all others and aver on conversions or demand that the children should be brought up in that religion. A couple might face difficulty in deciding on this above point and the spouse form the other religion may feel inferior and down. For example Orthodox Judaism teaches that the family must repudiate (sit shibah for) a child who marries a non-Jew Islam demands obedience to gods law only(prenominal) as revealed by Muhammad, and also requires that a Muslim marry a fellow Muslim. The catholic churches until recent years insisted that a non-Catholic partner sign a prenuptial agreement to raise any catholic children. particular proposition Christian sects preach that all outsiders are damned to eternal notify and prohibit any marriage to people of different faith. At this ad hoc point the problem may occur with the faith plays a major role in decision making this is if the partner is intensely religious.As they approach on each others separate territory, there is a new language, new customs and a new standard of normal to be learned. While culture a certain behavior might be accepted, here it might cause native offense. This sought of marriage is alike to a foreign alliance, with two separate people coming together and discovering the heritage and history of the other.BibliographyBallard., (2006), The International YWAMer magazine, 6th of January 2006, issue June 2006.Berry, F (1992). Langston huges, earlier and beyong harlem. USA Carol PuB.Co.Group. P56-75Donovan, S Corbin, J (2007), Intermarriages, 5th October 2007, viewed on sixteenth of July 2010, http//www.jstor.orgGorilgirl, (2009), Broken Traditions? Intercultural Marriage and Cultural Continuity, 13th of july 2009, Available http//gorigirl.com/broken-traditions-intercultural-marriage-and-cultural-continuity. Last accessed on 16th of july 2010Romano, D (2006), Intercultural ma rriage, prmoses and pitfalls, 8th January 2006, Available accessed on 26th of July 2010.

Sony Ericsson

paroley EricssonSony Ericsson IntroductionCorporate structureSony Ericsson is a world-wide manufacturer and distributor of lay out mul whiledia system devices which includes digest-rich prognosticates, planetary accessories and PC cards. Products argon forward-looking bl destroy of powerful engine room with converses, imaging, medical specialty, and sport applications. As a net result, Sony Ericsson is serving merchandise with enticing grass that provides end routiners desirable fun crops. Sony Ericsson was established by telecom leader Ericsson and consumer electronics giant Sony Corporation in 2001. It ownership is equally owned by Ericsson and Sony. Its prototypical fruit came in market in 2002. Its products slang universal consumer appeal. They argon different in aras of medicine, imaging and applications. Company has developed products with advanced technologies much(prenominal) as 2G and 3G platforms. Product research development, design, manufacturi ng, trade and customer services argon major(ip) undertakings by Sony Ericsson. Its spheric management is headquartered in London enchantment R D is in U.K, France, Sweden, India, Japan, China and United States. The Firm has nigh 3,500 al close the globe.Sony Ericsson is accepted as leader in fluid designs and innovations. Its to a greater extent than products won awards wish T 610, K750i as shell 3G handset for 2004. GSM k straightlight-emitting diodege awarded K800 Cyber-shot send for as best 3GSM in February 2007.Sony Ericsson has built many partnerships for constant innovative products development. Partnership with Sony BMG is a way for bringing best and innovative content to its customers. In gaming applications, Sony Ericsson took the lead in launching graduation exercise Java 3D-enabled handsets, and is looking forward to bring 3D gaming to a wider segment of winding drug users.Background of Sony-EricssonEver since the Japanese electronics fraternity Sony and the Swedish telecom giant Ericsson came together to form Sony Ericsson, big things were expected in terms of technologically advanced wireless surrounds as well as improved sales and market ploughsh atomic number 18s. However, the premier(prenominal) class passed with a trade of disappointment. Sony Ericssons already depressive disorder market sh bes began to drop fastly and the follow was losing money. On the otherwise hand, the much anticipated Sony Ericsson T68i ear reverberate was introduced and was a major hit. It was the counterbalance GSM/GPRS ( spherical system for mobile communicatings/general packet radio service) take careing screen handset. Its Bluetooth technology was overly the first of its kind, acknowledgeing wireless connections to headsets and PC synchronization. unrivaled of the accessories included a snap-on digital camera, which has become preferably popular and a must for all brisk models. In the past year, Sony Ericsson has seen a revitali zation in the participation as they act to introduce juvenile subverter devices such as the P800 and T610 and set virgin standards. All this success has contributed to an growth in market shares and has pushed them back into the top five in prison cell phone manufacturers. In grade to continue this success, a innovative IMC blueprint is needed.Creativity and flexibility is required in order to succeed in the mobile-phone industry. No other industry changes faster, or experiences more sudden and rapid changes to fortunes. The industry was shaken by the conglutination of two consumer electronic giants in October 2001, Sony Corporations and Ericsson AB. Sony Ericsson mobile communications is a fifty-fifty mutual go among Japans Sony Corp. and Swedens Ericsson AB. With headquarters located in London, Sony Ericsson became the sixth largest world-wide mobile phone corporation in 2005 following closely derriere competitor Nokia. Motivations for the joint venture alliance as well alternatives to a joint venture pull up stakes be explored, concluding with an examination of the worrys and strategies used throughout the alliance to aid Sony Ericsson to become a world renowned mobile supplier.complementary asset sharing and knowledge permutes were among several reasons motivating the alliance. Ericsson was heavily criticized in the past for poor manufacturing capabilities as Ericsson previously outsourced its production procedures to Flextronics in order to reduce costs (Electronic Times, 2001). Alongside that, Ericsson was associated with poor designs in terms of aesthetics and was unable to attract a large pool of consumers especially teenagers and recent adults. Furthermore, due to the ever changing industrial environment of the mobile-phone industry, Ericsson was forced asshole due to its inability to keep up-to-date with the market and as a consequent, slowly loosing its already minimal market share.Ericsson was buying chips from a single sourc e, a Philips intendt in New Mexico. Nokia was also buying chips from alike facility. In March 2000, a fire at this facility begrime the facility. Philips gave assurance to Ericsson and Nokia that production allow get down a acquire just a week time. But it did non happen. Nokia purchased chips from other sources. So Ericsson faced real shortages. This reduced Sony Ericssons competitive ability to introduce radical phones and master(prenominal)taining supply of afoot(predicate) phones. Sony Ericsson, after its raw(a) identity introduced first phone in 2002 and now has a product portfolio for meeting demands of all consumer target groups. Sony Ericsson introduced the Walkman- posted W series practice of medicine phones in 2005 (fourteen models to date W200, W300, W550, W600, W610, W700, W710, W800, W810, W830, W850, W880, W900 and W950) Branding Key to Sony Ericsson Growth intentionThe difference in mid-end hand sets and top-end models is reducing because of technology a dvancements in mobile phone handset accessories market. Increasing liberalized regional telecommunications is boosting cellular subscriptions and a tote force with high disposable incomes, the Middle East has become a lucrative market for handset manufacturers such as Sony Ericsson. The corporation has been no-hit in this emerging market due to successfully fusing innovative technology to develop products. Sony and Ericssons combination of core contestncies is a competitive edge of Sony Ericsson. digital cameras and MP3 symboliseers hold up now become essential features of handsets, Sony Ericsson handsets like Cyber shot and Walkman handset ranges are a direct attempt to tap the Sonys heritage in both markets respectively. Sony Ericsson supports retailers and resellers by publicise and merchandising campaigns.Sony Ericsson has proclaimed fusion of frolic and communication for their customers as their immature punctuate dodging. They are receiveing a unexampled shop me ssage in collaboration with Sony throng, make. Believe. It forget use seven colors in its logotype as part of its re stigmatization outline. They pull up stakes involve consumers at a great extent in their crisscrossing process. They plan to do this by counseling on their inter vigorous digital and social media efforts to communicate with their target consumers. Sony Ericsson connects on the webWinning refreshed mobile customers is be attack easily by digital marketing. Two major brands one big companionship. Combining a Swedish party, Ericsson with one from Japan, Sony, it shares a design and communications history with history of marketing expertise and gaming, music and merriment content on the other. Both have invested millions in this venture. The company had a slow start but it got the momentum in 2004. accord to Superbrands, Sony Ericsson is among coolest brands in the UK. But in some previous years, it has been facing losings due global slow down and intense competition. digital has vie a good role in its growth. The digital budget is around 15 %. For some sets, it peck go up to 30%. The earlier technology adopters are usually looking online for fashioning their choices. So web is a great leap of imagination. The sector and market segment are worthwhile for its adaptation.It is a sustainable part of Sony Ericssons marketing mix and it get out continue its evolution in future. The investment is easier to make, getting feedback from consumers is easy. The battalion in technology now are much more sophisticated than past. applied science is enabling in work and general living. By giving brand experience online, Sony Ericsson provides consumers tangibility and technology, both with explanation of the product. Now the decision making is more dependent on online sources. Marketing mobile phone is quite different from marketing other products. Networks form direct relationship with customer. Sony Ericson does not do this one-to-one con nection. Sony Ericssons branding should not have impact simply on consumers but also on retailers and its distributors. Mobile up form is more frequently than cars, so they have limited shelf life. This should be considered in any campaign.Digital marketing has solution to tackle such problems. In digital marketing, contact with customer is direct. Sony Ericsson is working closely with networks. They are mindful rough direct customers as well. SE works with them to undertake that they do not market product too quickly. Sony Ericsson has been working with resist for launching its handsets in US. Sony Ericsson has always recognized important role contend by digital valleculas.To reduce these channels, Sony Ericsson uses a micro invest for forwarding of each mobile set, providing a brand experience, with having link with corporate site (www.sonyericsson.com). Corporate hub offers more details round handsets. Sonyericsson.com. is managed by Toon Diependaele, who is director of digital marketing at Sony Ericsson. Sony Ericsson has emphasis on construct a global framework with having room for local implementation. It has to provide wealth of information in 63 country eye sockets with 30 of its main products at any one time. The user benefits are explained in non-technical way for the understanding of the common man. It is about how phone depart help you in making your life easier. It can also be about benefits due to some new feature like use of MMS in T610. Design and creativity go side by side in online marketing. The product tells the desire. For example, S700 has the idea of picture quality. So its execution of instrument and functionality is the basis of the idea.The faith in digital marketing is natural for an government founded 2001 and who is in business of interchange E mobile phone. This is a digital age. And Sony Ericsson recognizes this fact in ein truth way of its functions. Even in its logo which is dynamic. The development in this ind ustry is at a surprising speed. So to meet the demands of changing consumer tastes, the products are dynamic too. For T610 camera phone is very popular phone, but new products in the same category have been introduced recently. Sony Ericson has become pioneer in use two sided online banners for pushing its new handsets.New generation of camera phones are following dual present outline. They can be handled horizontally. Quickshare of pictures taken by the camera make these handsets easy to use for picture messaging. Quickshare is one way of sharing of pictures common in all Sony Ericsson mobiles through Bluetooth. Themes are extended from functionality of the handset. The K500i is based on idea that technology should save the time. For a handset with gaming, picture capability and MP3 playback leave use broader theme. Users can also confine suggestions on website.Sony Ericsson had an exhibition on its site, featuring picture taken by K700 by celebrities. The exhibition was also s hown at an art gallery. Website is considered hub of all the activities. It helps in building positive brand forecast through its website. Website gives luck to Sony Ericsson to expand life span of its products online. This theme is should continue in future as well. Sony Ericsson is doing things differently with its online marketing. It also used iTV channel when the opportunity came on the way. The idea of advertising was very strong, although it presents a problem in production cost and accountability. Networks are usually involved in the process selling. So, coordination between Sony Ericsson and networks needs to be increased to sell. The online marketing campaigns create desire in customers. Different approach is used for different segments of the market. When relations with knowing phones, the approach has to be entirely different from a product that is at entry level. Content such as free ringtones and deep brown games are diving factors for the sale. It is also suggest ed that Sony Ericsson should be picture massaging. Sony Ericsson ha s realization that imaging trend is going to continue.About 95% portion of the mobile phones purchased in last years data shows that they were picture enabled. after much taking has been done about gaming, music phones are area where improvement is needed for soften services. Music has appeal to all people they might have different tastes in music. The ringtones are built by ensuring quality.3G is now more talked about technology and a lot of opportunity in this segment .We need to rely on networks, but postal code has been revealed. No medium will be required for this purpose. The marketing efforts of Sony Ericsson will drive new medium. Purchases of consumer can be helpful in researching customers.. The colleague group is involved in the process Handsets with higher value s.Sony Ericsson to scoop Sony Branding IdentitySony Ericsson is reformulating its strategy to move closer to its parent Sonys brand identity . It is now using phrase make. Believe. The decision has been taken at strategic marketing level and several strategic marketing campaigns will be launched shortly for realignment of the two. A fusion of communication and entertainment had always been focus of Sony Ericsson since start of the joint venture. This make, believe also brings Sony Ericsson closer to Sony group companies. merriment strategy becomes more obvious from this campaign. This on-going transformation is lying cosmos fro new outlook of Sony Ericsson. Realignment is vital part of this strategy. It has combined this strategy with a new cultivation of openness. This will shift the way of planning and building new prepositions. Social and digital media has brought customer closer to Sony Ericsson.Sony Ericsson shifts adspend into digitalSony Ericsson is boosting its digital adspend to 13m as it gives the internet a more central role in its global marketing strategy.The handset manufacturer plans to increase the pr oportion it invests in website development and online advertising from 15% to 25% of its 50m marketing budget during 2008.At the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Sony Ericsson head of marketing Dee Dutta outlined a strategy to streng so the brands online presence in key international markets in an effort to remain relevant to youth consumers.Over the coming year, Sony Ericsson will begin diverting spend from TV, press and point-of-sale advertising to digital marketing around its handset brands, including Cyber-shot and Walkman.The company also intends to give the internet a crucial role in establishing its Xperia sub-brand. In the first phase, it will launch a web portal showcasing its X1 handset, which is being seen as a competitor to Apples i call back.Sony Ericsson authenticly works with Dare on digital global projects, but Dutta is considering appointing a roster of agencies to handle the increased workload. Digital will soon be the de facto method by which we communicate a nd follow up on with consumers, he said. A strong online presence is crucial to the future of our brand on a global scale.Sony Ericsson is the worlds fifth-biggest mobile phone manufacturer behind Nokia, Motorola, Samsung and LG. The company hopes its digital strategy shift will help it gain ground on rivals.Gareth Jones, Sony Ericsson realigns brand in succeeding(prenominal) stage of company transformation* Evolves optical identity and brand values as neighboring stage of business transformation* Shifts consumer engagement to digital, viral and social media platforms* Aligns with Sony base companies under new make.believe brand messageLondon September 3rd, 2009 Sony Ericsson nowadays announced the beside stage of its on-going business transformation with the realignment of its external visual identity and brand values in order to deliver its wad of becoming the Communication Entertainment brand. The company also confirmed its acceptation of the newly announced Sony brand message make.believe in all consumer communication in order to reinforce its entertainment credentials and collaboration with the Sony Group.Fusing communication and entertainment has been at the core of Sony Ericssons offering since the start of the joint venture.make.believe aligns Sony Ericsson with the Sony Group companies and reflects the coming together of communication and entertainment. By re-aligning our brand and adopting make. believe we besides highlight our entertainment offering to consumers, said Cathy Davies, Head of Brand scheme at Sony Ericsson.Our ongoing business transformation is laying the foundations for the new Sony Ericsson. Our re-aligned brand is a vital part of this strategy. Combined with a new culture of openness it marks a shift in the way we plan and build our propositions, as well as how we invite consumers to engage with us via digital and social media platforms, said Lennard Hoornik, Head of Marketing at Sony Ericsson.Visually, Sony Ericsson will expand the appeal of its globally recognized smooth-spoken identity logo by adding seven new color variations plus a new a liquid cipher period from the logo to make it more playful and visually appealing for the digital arena. The company also aims to adopt a more open and questioning attitude by inviting greater consumer participation in the brand through a stronger focus on interactive digital and social media channels.A series of strategic marketing campaigns this autumn will launch the realigned visual identity and showcase the start of make. believe at Sony Ericsson, including a spark something viral campaign for the new Satio, Aino and Yari phones and a global activation campaign as the official global handset sponsor for the 2010 FIFA World CupTM to capture the passion of football fans around the world.http//www.fiercewireless.com/press-releases/sony-ericsson-realigns-brand-next-stage-company-transformationSony Ericsson promulgation of a new strategySony Ericsson has bee n hard on the global economic slowdown, but the company said that the new strategy, focusing on services and entertainment, that he hoped to bring him back on track.On sunshine evening, here on the eve of GSMA Mobile World Congress, Mobile Phone Maker, which is a joint venture between Sony Maker of consumer electronics and telecommunications equipment Maker Ericsson, unveil a new strategy that he said fuses communications and entertainment. The new strategy is that, Sony Ericsson calls Entertainment Unlimited. Managers have been fine detail at a press conference, but the company is planning a strategy that will integrate mobile phones with PCs and the percentage of TV entertainment content.In this strategy, the company announced MediaGo, which is a continuation of its PlayNow music service. MediaGo added service that allows users to download movies to their PC and then transfer them to your Sony Ericsson. The company announced W995 Walkman phone that can play the function of the len gth of films.This service will also enable the transmittance of other media such as music, photos and podcasts. The service also allows users to synchronize their phone music library automatically subscribe to podcasts, and automatically convert files for best quality playback.The company also introduced stealthily peek at the new high goals, touch-screen phone called Idou. This 12.1-megapixel camera phone, supposedly designed for all types of multimedia functionality. But details about the product are limited until he runs in the second half(prenominal) of next year.Nevertheless, the leaders said that these two new phones will play a much more active role in the companys new strategy for more depressionive consolidation of entertainment on mobile devices and other devices throughout the home.Whats interesting about this supposedly new strategy is that it does not sound very new. Sony Ericsson was organize in 2001 as a joint venture between media and telecom equipment Maker. An d since 2005, he was selling his Sony Walkman phones that allow people to listen to digital music on the go.But now the company argues that its Entertainment Unlimited strategy takes things to a new level, where users can share and access to media of different products from mobile phones to personal computers to their television screens.All that we have done to date has led us to this issue, said Lennard Hoornik, head of global marketing and vice hot seat at Sony Ericsson. Weve created a music phone category in 2005, selling more than 100 million phones Walkman, and we are ready to open the next chapter in the development of the company.It looks like a good idea, but it happens to one, that the share of its competitors. Nokia, the worlds largest mobile phone Maker, develops throughout the Ovi services platform called for more than a year that lets users share files from PC to phone and vice versa. And one of the things that are done in the Apple iPhone has been so successful its in tegration with animate media iTunes Store, where users have access to music, videos and podcasts.While Sony Ericsson strategy can not be revolutionary, adding more value to their products is likely required to move. The entire mobile phone market took a beating in the second half of the year, as consumers bought fewer mobile phones because of economic problems. And this trend will continue until the market starts to pick up.Recession hits Sony Ericsson is particularly difficult. In the fourth quarter of 2008 the company lost 187 million euros, or about $ 248 million. That compared with a profit of about 373 million euros in the fourth quarter of 2007.But it is difficult to imagine if this new strategy will enable us greatly. One sharp spot in the mobile phone landscape in the next couple of years, seems to be smartphones. Market research firm IDC recently report that while the overall mobile phone sales fell by 12.6 percent worldwide in the fourth quarter sales of smart phones a ctually work 22.5 per cent.The problem that Sony Ericsson is that it is not very well compete in the smartphone category. Last year at the World Congress of mobile devices, the company has made a lot of Buzz with their first device, Windows Mobile, Xperia X1. As of November, the phone was available in North America.But the problem is that he does not propose any major carrier in the U.S. and $ 800 sets for the open up and unsubsidized phone is too high for consumers, who can get iPhone 3G on AT T, BlackBerry Storm with Verizon Wireless, or Google Android G1 from T-Mobile USA for the subsidized price of $ 200 with a two-year contract.Given the fact that the smartphone market, where all the action is expected to be over the next couple of years, it surprising that Sony Ericsson will select the best feature phones to connect their new Unlimited entertainment strategy.Details are shut away too scarce to know on the dot how this will shake out. But Sony Ericsson needs a convincing and social smartphones that can take advantage of these entertainment and communication capabilities. And to compete efficaciously in this market, but now need to expand its distribution outdoor(a) of Europe and Japan. In particular, it should cool and affordable smartphone for North American consumers. http//www.wojianfei.net/sony-ericsson-promulgation-of-a-new-strategy/Sony Ericsson unveils marketing plansSony is rolling out the brand message make.believe (read as make-dot-believe) that will feature in advertising across its businesses Sony Ericsson, Sony Computer Entertainment, Sony BMG, Sony Pictures and brands such as Playstation 3 and Vaio.Lennard Hoornik, Sony Ericsson corporate VP and global head of marketing, says the new tagline aims to reflect the message that anything you can imagine, you can make real.It has also updated its visual identity, adding seven new colour variants to the logo, as well as a new liquid energy visual flowing from the logo. It was designed by I ris.Cathy Davies, head of brand strategy adds the brand developments will aim to give the handset noble a more playful identity as well communicating with consumers in a more emotive way.It is part of the companys ongoing repositioning strategy to be known as a communications entertainment brand.Sony Ericsson is planning to invest an estimated 7m in the fourth quarter to upraise its new hero handsets, the Japanese named phones Satio, Aino and Yari.The global launch will be spearheaded in the UK, with work created by Saatchi Saatchi. It will be first time the handset maker will feature the make.believe tagline in its advertising.It plans to launch a major above-the-line campaign, as well as digital and experiential barefaced mob activity centered around an attempt to bring topographic point hoppers back into popular culture.http//www.marketingweek.co.uk/Sony-Ericsson Declared Most Eco-Friendly PhoneTechnology company Sony-Ericsson was recently given the environmental nod, as its cellular phones were declared as one of the most environmentally-friendly technological gadgets.In its consume Searching for thousand electronics, environmental organization Greenpeace called for computer and phone manufacturers to put forward their most eco-friendly products, ranging from cellular phones to notebooks to gaming consoles.After examining the products environment-related aspects such as amounts of dangerous chemicals, energy efficiency, recyclability and marketing strategies, Greenpeace heralded Sony-Ericssons phones, out of 37 other products from other manufacturers, to have obtained top honors for the most environmentally-friendly gadgets.According to TMCnet, Sony-Ericssons phones received a 5.3 rating, out of a possible 10. The generally passable score, according to Greenpeace, was acknowledged as the highest, considering studys low response turnout.The results, however, were considered to be a step forward to technologys adaptability to the demands of a absolve d environment, and the group recognized that encouragement was a key part of the study that must be further pushed.Since undertaking the survey we have already witnessed the arrival of greener products in the market, such as the Apples new laptop, the MacBook Air, and Nokias new phone, the Evolve, Greenbang quoted Yannick Vicare of GreenpeaceManufacturers still have a long way to go, Vicaire added, but more and more now are taking the environmental impacts of their products seriously. Sony Ericssons mobile music strategyMusic has become one of the main drivers for 3G and large data entertainment services for the mobile phone end-user and will continue to gain in importance. Sony Ericsson is committed to maximizing the value and experience for the end-user and to increasing revenue for operators, and the Walkman family of mobile phones do this through music. Music-related services, content and applications are fundamental parts of our overall content strategy.We believe that super-di stribution of music is the way forward. By this I cerebrate the easy sharing of music between friends legally downloaded/transferred or by creating your own all combined with applications that can manage or personalize the music experience on your mobile phone.Even though the Walkman portfolio is the main focus of Sony Ericssons music activities, music solutions for our other series of mobile phones are just as relevant. Network limitations, product market reach, end-user choice and model-version exclusivity to definite operators mean that we need to make sure that the music experience is as good as possible across our product portfolio. Wemonitor the DRM standards set by the industry and strive to have products that are media source, and hence DRM, agnostic. All current Sony Ericsson mobile phones support the standard Open Mobile Alliances (OMA) DRM v 1.0.When actively using brand music (i.e. official copyright or other rights protected), DRM is the key for everyone who intend s to play a role in this market. For the development of applications where branded music is only handled passively, e.g. media players, this is up to the developer, as long as it doesnt have a negative impact on the DRM protection of the music flowing through or being used by the application.The coming converging of fixed and mobile broadband network services combined with the point of intersection of traditional audio-visual consumer electronics products with mobile phones will have a massive effect on the mobilemusic market. We foresee a tremendous growth.Sony Ericsson pins hopes on entertainment strategyAt the core of its new strategy is something Sony Ericsson calls Entertainment Unlimited. Executives were thin on details at the press conference in Barcelona, but the company is planning a strategy that will bring together mobile phones with PCs and the TV to share entertainment content.As part of this strategy, the company announced MediaGo, which is an extension of its PlayNo w Music service. MediaGo adds a service that lets users download movies onto their PC and then transfer them over to a Sony Ericsson device. The company announced the W995 Walkman phone, which will be able play the feature-length movies.The service will also allow the transfer of other media, such as music, photos and podcasts. The service will also allow users to sync their phones music library automatically, subscribe to podcasts and auto-convert files for the best-quality playback.The company also gave a sneak peek at a new high-end, touch-screen phone, called the Idou. This 12.1-megapixel camera phone is supposedly designed for all kinds of multimedia functionality. Details about the product are scarce, but it is due to launch in the second half of next year.That said, executives alluded to the fact that these two new phones will play a much larger role in the companys new strategy to better integrate entertainment on mobile devices and other devices throughout the home. further this supposedly new strategy for the company doesnt sound entirely new. Sony Ericsson was create in 2001 as a joint venture between a media company and telecommunications equipment maker. And since 2005, it has been selling its Sony Walkman phones, which allow people to listen to digital music on the go.The company claims its Entertainment Unlimited strategy takes things to a new level, where consumers can share and access media across multiple products from mobile phones to PCs to their TV screens.Everything that we have done to date has brought us to this point, said Lennard Hoornik, head of global marketing and a vice president at Sony Ericsson. We created the music-phone category in 2005 selling over 100 million Walkman phones, and we are now ready to unveil the next chapter in the evolution of the company.The idea happens is one that its competitors seem to share. Nokia, the worlds largest mobile-phone maker, has been developing an entire service platform called Ovi for more than a year that allows users to share files from the PC to the phone and vice versa. And one of the things that has made Apples iPhone so successful has been its integration with the existing iTunes media store, where users get access to music, videos and podcasts.While Son