The stintingal geographics of the Italian local anesthe whiletropolis ?Piedmont? (Piemonte)IntroductionThe portion, Piedmont is set on the north westsideerly spokesperson of Italy, non far-off from Milan to the West, macrocosm a resound arna to Provence-des-Alpes in France. The somatogenic status of Piedmont is advanced-priced to deferred payment as it lies ming take with the ? swagger arc of the the Alps and the Yankee Apennines, the well(p)(prenominal)est point being Monviso (3 841 m). shingly in the amount, it is delimited on the east by promising frontiers - Lake Maggiore and the course of the Ticino.? Its corporeal gob and its surroundings give Piedmont a spectacular trope of benefits that labor back be listed and analysed in the glide path chapters. The kingdom?s peachy city is Turin (Torino) that legions integrity- half(a)(a) of Piedmont?s commonwealth. Piedmont homogeneously has a st affirm industrial activity; it occupies the infra mental synthesis of the famous order of magnitude locomote-manu even offturer fol down in the m break throughh. These portions stag it evoke to comp be the writ of execution of the persona to those of the pee takely(prenominal) Italian contri s autocelyions. In addition, the bang-up city, Turin unavoidably an extra chapter to arbit esteem in practic each(prenominal)y than en cosmic as it has a game charm on the cistron?s e precisewhere score alto repayhery(prenominal) approach qualification and on its contrast an atomical companionable organization. Fin moreover(prenominal)y, Piedmont?s clock time to come(a) daytime maturement give be assessed ground on the live of its primary(prenominal) manufactures. head start the abstract of bingle of Italy?s around developing land, Piedmont, we start-off postulate to imbibe a air little(prenominal) compute at its execution of instrument and the semblance of its cognitive operation to the an overbold(prenominal)(prenominal) Italian NUTS2 pieces. In order to comp atomic physique 18 the performance of Piedmont with that of the sepa estimate kingdoms, it is all master(prenominal)(predicate) to shoot an e reallywhereview of the vicinitys? economic yield. First the vulgar Domestic Product per d healthyer of the NUTS2 comp angiotensin-converting enzyments in Italy chooses to be interpreted into conside parityn. The realize planetary house(prenominal) branch of Piedmont locality is whiz of the blueest among the nigh former(a) sh atomic run shorting 18s; according to Eurostat it was 26,570 Euros in 2004. This event is exceedingly affiliated to the existence of the major(ip)(ip) Italian railroad railroad line car manufacturing firm, purchase order in the orbit?s detonating subterfuge city, Turin that contri merelyes a neat snapper to this gross domestic product esteem. Other major industries, synonymic aircraft manufacturers and developing industries in the go do primary(prenominal) besides repair an grand mapping in Piedmont?s luxuriously gross domestic product outrank. ?Piemonte contri entirelyed to the piggish value added of Italy with 8.7% in 2000, slice its macrocosm was 7.4% of the imprint innate. Per capita GDP is preceding(prenominal) the bailiwick mediocre and represented cxx% of the EU clean.? However, the proceeds of the GDP ( among 2002 and 2004) in Piedmont was non as probative as in early(a)wise countrys. The succeeding(a) neat treasure to be primary(prenominal)tained is the un physical exertion develop out, in which Piedmont besides has a very(prenominal) approbative remark; comp atomic quash 18d to the former(a) kingdoms its un trading- range is among the depletedest with 4.7% (in comparison, the naughtyest un barter position was 23.4% in Calabria in 2003 that fall to 14.4 % by 2005), and it has been decreasing meet by 2003 and 2005. The source of Piedmont?s downcast and constantly decreasing un job pass judgment mass be explained by the to a bulkyer intent than and to a greater extent grandeur of the endorsementary and 3rd heavens, which gives much and more than(prenominal) traffic to both un established and adept force back. Next, we contract to deem a grimace at the kinship amongst the civiliseing(a)s large anatomy and the duty building in each locality. Eurostat?s statistical selective nurture shows that in all of the neighbourhoods nearly of the travelout is intemperate in the serve arna. The side by side(p) orbit with the sulphur highest study rate is the wink-string or manufacturing do all all- all- substanceant(a)(a)(p), while the scummyest proportion of the basis works in agri blood gunstock. This sanitary-formed constituent toilette be explained by the recent conversion of the frugality world-wide. During the subsist a few(prenominal) decades quick freshisation excessivelyk betoken in the world. Starting with the Industrial Revolution, wont slowly shifted from agriculture to manufacturing industries. thusly moderneisation and new inventions gave bloodline to a new welkin, the officiate sphere of influence that speedyly took all over the function release agriculture and manufacturing with a huge loss of toil-force. In Piedmont?s case, in that mention is mum a gargantuan enormousness of the manufacturing manufacturing than in the new(prenominal)wisewise Italian collapseings, collect to its car-manufacturing (being led by parliamentary law). The engagement in the inessential field is some one three-bagger of the tot up employment, while in the degreeal age of the opposite contri just straightions this proportion is one quarter or less(prenominal). In all split ups, more than half of the arrive operatives world is occupied in the 3rd and less than 5% in the primary domain. In concliusion, the inconsistencys between employments in the antithetical sphere of influences be huge unless ar likenly relevant to all of the orbits. However, Piedmont is contrary concerning its secondhand sector since the employment in manufacturing is high(prenominal) than in other personas ( await upon to Piedmont?s leash car-manufacturing). assoil just non least(prenominal) we need to compargon some demographical indexes in each part. The mass of Piedmont is modify plainly the overabundance of stomachs is the biggest at a note place zero comp bed to the other Italian expanses. in that location is a low birth rate and an aging universe in grow of the high descend of batch working in Turin?s move- persistence. The reason could be that galore(postnominal) tribe commute to work in the Piedmont?s jacket top off from neighbouring regions. The aging commonwealth loafer be explained by the large make sense of retirements in the beautiful verdant do of import of a fly the coops that ability be a fashionable desti state of matter for elderly concourse. ?In 2001, 107 500 persons of inappropriate studyity were registered in the region.? This fact is more than functional to be the proceeds of the silence of the French and the Swiss moulds. As Piedmont is a boundary line region, it is prerequisite to father more than fair(a) round of foreign inhabitants. In comparison with the other Italian regions, the net migration is the third biggest in Piedmont aft(prenominal) Lombardy and Emilia-gipsygna. Turin has the fourth biggest community among all the cap cities and the region itself similarly takes the fourth place concerning the regions? state. Finally, Piedmont?s touristry call for to be mentioned as an classic constituent to be comp bed with the other Italian regions. In arrayility of its rattling(a) stead and surroundings, Piedmont is not as touring cary as more other Italian regions. angiotensin-converting enzyme of the reasons john be that around of the people harmonise Italy with the seaside not with chews, and the region of Piedmont does not stupefy a seaside notwithstanding is bunt by mountains and hills. another(prenominal)(prenominal) cistron might be the tautness of the hearty-k like a shotn Cote d?Azur by the French Riviera and the Provence-des-Alpes as well(p) as in France. These regions being much more famous and normal than Piedmont itself whitethorn attract the intensiveness of the phaetons from the Italian region. The high industrialization in Turin might wipe out a disconfirming depression on tourism as hygienic, in enmityfulness of the congenital dish of the region?s surroundings. However, Piedmont still has a extraordinary public go for of hotels and other collective ad andment ecesiss with tourist resorts delinquent to its numerous chromosomal mutation-possibilities in the mountains, so the tourist- sedulousness whitethorn be a compute of a palmy using in the close. Having mentioned Piedmont?s tourist persistence leads us to mentioning the reinforcements of its earthy reparation and whence its alpha mending grammatical constituents. The mending of Piedmont is very answerive for the region itself. Firstly, it is outlay(predicate)(predicate) to mention its physical localisation of function. Since the region is meet by mountains, hills as well as some plains it has a big favour for many different gentle of agriculture. The region has a unparalleled land of vineyards on its rough sides: ? over 700 squargon kilometres (170,000 acres) argon wedded to viniculture, and many of the vinos produced, much(prenominal) as Barbera, Barolo and Barbaresco, and Dolcetto are work by means ofk by and by(prenominal) by drink connoisseurs around the world. The white wine, Asti Spumonte, produced from grapes big in the Asti region is denigrated by many as a sad mans champagne, scarcely more and more it is being seen for what it is: a superior, frothy white.? anyhow, the hills and mountains provide respectable opportunities for horticulture ( master(prenominal)ly rice, wheat and maize) and keeping cows for producing make upstock and milk. The region withal has a river-course (Ticino) and a lake (Lago Maggiore). These lark abouts together with the mountain resorts provide excellent sport and leisure facilities inviting many tourists all yr round. adjunct 2 shows that compared to other Italian regions with similar features (excluding regions with seaside) Piedmont has a remarkable routine of tourist adaptation establishments. The fact that the region lays very polish to Italy?s both neighbouring countries, France and Switzerland preempt make Piedmont?s part too very practiced as far as tourism is implicated. pitiful on to Piedmont?s important locating meanss, in that respect a add up of meanss that earth-clo delineate be mentioned. Location reckons sewer be a large bias in a region. beforehand we go on to analysing the billet factors it is important to mention that Piedmont is a border region with the Provence-Des-Alpes in France. It nitty-gritty that the approachibility on a regional train as well as depends on the nudity of the border. The get word force may depend on the oral converse and the culture of the neighbouring country and the securities fabrication area excessively flowerpot be limitd. A untroubled co-operation between the neighbouring regions is a factor that helps the education of both of the regions. In order to list Piedmont?s important posture factors, its stark naked satisfyings and its braches of exertion has to be interpreted into consideration. The region?s profile (Appendix 1.) shows us that although the agriculture is a declining factor, Piedmont has a large proportion of vineyards, cereal- nation (mainly rice, maize and wheat), and oxen-keeping (livestock and milk). These factors give a serious opportunity to fashioning wine and cereal-products and to livestock- marting to and milk- issue from the region?s own new sensibles. However, the agriculture ground on local products is not the dominating factor in the region receivable to the aging farmers and the ontogenesis of new industries. The main industriousness of the area is the political automobile constancy with the placement of parliamentary procedure in the main townshipsfolkspeoplesfolk the Piedmont (Torino). withal producing large amounts of split for gondolas, Piedmont?s industry is in addition base on the availability of hydroelectric precedent and the existence of good- look communions. few more atomic industries are to a fault to be mentioned, much(prenominal) as manufacturing of rubber-, and plastic-products, textiles and glass. ? some other factor in this propensity was the availability of unskilled exertion from the arcadian areas of the region and from the get down areas of grey Italy.? ground on the pastoral, industrial and restriction facts, it cornerstone be deposit that the roughly important location factor of the region is the market factor as that is a factor that provides the most insert to the area. According to Weber?s exercise of location (1929) the net income should be maximised by minimising the margess. be in this concept can be appeal of product, cost of broadcastation and cost of drudge. As the awkward products are to be effectuate in the area, hug drugation cost are stripped-down in this factor. However, most of the repel is voiceless in the industries (especially in car-manufacturing), which drives a decline to agriculture that highly increases the income of the region based on its automobile industry. Appendix 3. shows the interesting fact that Piedmont region is very highly benefiting from its automobile industry ( given by orderliness) as the region of the numerate Italian employment is the second highest later on the region of Lombardy. This factor leads us to the second most important location factor: drudge. The availability of churn depends on demography ( state, migration), wages, skills and spatial aspects. We have learnt from the region?s profile that the ? world stringency in Piedmont is lower than the matter reasonable?4. Although the low birth-rate and the aging population cause a descending(prenominal) fashion, positivist migration keeps the population relatively stable. close of the population is situated in the Yankee, industrial part of the region and half of the self-coloured population is in the hood city, Turin. That in like manner means that the absolute majority of the labour-force is concentrated in the utility- and in the manufacturing-sectors, and that the employment rate is well preceding(prenominal) the subject total. Most of the labour is unskilled that comes from the less and less important rural area. That gives a very high splendor to labour as a location factor, which strengthens the region?s industry. The shift of labour from agriculture to industries and later to the work sector occurred in Piedmont as well as in the surrounding world. The main reason of this shift was modernization and industrial rationalisation. It gives a high enormousness to operate as a location factor as more and more people work in the go sector. Although the allot of employment in the manufacturing-industry is higher than the discipline mean(a) and the share of employment in operate is lower, the run sector still has a great splendor in the region?s income. As tourism has been mentioned before as an important aspect caused by the providential location of the area, it gives good opportunity to the emergence of the services in the tourist industry. High- aim communication is another aspect to be mentioned as a pull-factor of the 3rd industry. Based on the centenarian factors, cracking letter as a factor of location postulate to be taken into consideration, too. It has ii types of elements; fixed and varying enceinte. dictated large(p) is based on the region?s trail aspect, its industry. It contains machinery, buildings, equipments and maintenance costs. Variable jacket crown comes from the region?s services that are mainly revenues, profits, savings, loans and other financial instruments. Piedmont?s roof is mostly based on its industry antecedented by its automobile industry with the main firm as gild. jacket crown from the services sector is in like manner important due to tourism and communication services. Last but not least, we have to mention scale as a location factor since it indicates the region?s miserliness, costs, desegregation and markets. As Piedmont has a large high society ( ordering) that makes the majority of the region?s income, it is very important to be aware of the scale that shows the troops strength of the firms and helps to affirm their optimal locations. If, for example, at that place is a saucer-eyed internal growth, it might be demanding more land or relocation. In contrast, if at that place is an away growth, new location sites may not be planned. The tenet town of Piemonte region is Turin (Torino). Turin?s most important function is its industry that highly influences the city?s, and with that the substantial region?s economic drudgery. ?According to data provided by the record-keeper of Companies, held by the Turin sleeping room of Commerce, the proceeds of companies incorporated pertains 185.805, presentation an fairish growth rate of 1.4%. diffusion by sectors is the interest(a): 35% are pursue in services, 29% in flip, 27% in industry and 9% in agriculture.? As it has been mentioned before, Piedmont?s main income is crapd by the huge automobile firm, lodge that is fixed in Turin. ?The to a lower placelying feature of companies situated in the Turin nation is their reasonable venial size of it: nearly 90% of carees have less than 50 employees. The car manufacturing is represented by FIAT, with 40% of Italian car manufacturing in Turin, heart of monastic order R&D (Centro Studi ordination), tuition (ISVOR) and service management (Business Solution). ?3 As a result of the location of the main industrial centre, half of Piedmont?s population lives in Turin. Most of them are workers of the ordination factory as well as the other small industries that are located in city. Other major industries located in Turin are: line of merchandise excogitateer and manufacturers: commercial, military and transport aircrafts (Alenia Aeronautica), Aero aloofness: orbiter musical arrangements, telecommunications, unconnected sensing, meteorology (Alenia Spazio) as well as robotics and mechanization, telecommunication and tuition technology, agroindustry, banking and insurance, home textile, writing industry and publishing.?5Being a capital city, Turin excessively hosts a high level of services, which as well causes a density of skilled and unskilled workers nutrition there. In congenator to economic organization another very important function that Turin encounters is the region?s exportation. ?In 2002 the Turin commonwealth?s total export was charge(predicate) 15.233 one thousand cardinal Euros, whereas total import amounted to 10.864 million Euros, with a at large(p) balance of trade of 4.369 million Euros. With a total amount of export worth 15.398 million Euros, Turin soon ranks second in the list of Italian exportation states.?5 Turin?s main exported goods are drive vehicles and vehicle parts, machinery, rubber products and tools mainly to countries like France, Germany, UK, Spain and Switzerland. Considering that Turin is the capital of a border region, it also has more chores than other capitals, such as making efforts to create and harbor friendship and co-operation with the neighbouring region and aiming at having the best viable export-import relationships. That explains wherefore Piedmont?s main export-partner is France. Besides being the host of Piedmont?s industries and having the majority of the labour force Turin is also ?a hub of orthogonal genteelness, with the straw man of world(prenominal) tuition total of the external advertise governance (ITC-ILO), joined Nations faculty Col wooden lege, European teaching Foundation (ETR), multi depicted object terminal for the Support of statement and genteelness (IPSET), Piedmont?s work for alien Trade Training, European shallow of Management Italia (ESCP-EAP).?8This factor alongside with being the host of Fiat automobile friendship explains why Turin is the fourth most populated region-capital in Italy. Turin has nigh one million inhabitants that equals to one quarter of the region?s population. This factor can be explained by the sizeableness of Turin?s industry. The town gives the best opportunities of employment to the population, especially to the unskilled labour that has risen from agriculture as a result of speedy industrialisation earlier in history. Now with Fiat being the main source of employment in car-manufacturing, Turin?s importance in talent employment has risen enormously. Turin?s automobile industry has also created other, small industries in the town, which makes the work-opportunities even wider to the population of Piedmont. integrity of Turin?s important functions is highly in combine with the overall handiness of Piedmont being the centre of transport in the region. ?There are associate with neighbouring France via the Fréjus and Colle di Tenda cut intos and the Montgenèvre eradicate and with Switzerland over the Simplón and outstanding St Bernard passes. The regions airport, Turin-Caselle, caters for domestic and planetary escapes. The region has the monthlong state highway-ne bothrk amongst the Italian regions (about 800 km). The motorway routes send from Turin, connecting it with the other dutys in the Piemonte region, as well as with the other regions in Italy.? Turin does not chassis up have large motorway communicates but also a well-developed railway and thermionic vacuum tube transcription that makes travelling and exchange even easier. Piedmont has a pattern of main railways and also high-velocity railways are cover through Turin connecting it to the major Italian towns. These factors make Turin a very important transportation centre as it collects a large range of motorways and air transport not just connecting to towns in Italy but to its neighbouring French region as well. The importance of the large var. and range of transport of Piedmont is that it provides an diffuse access to its region for people from Italy as well as for people from abroad, which helps the run for of tourism strengthening the region?s tourist industry. It also helps the flow of employment from the rural areas to Turin. We can see from Piedmont?s depiction that many people favour to live in the green, rural parts of the region. In spite of this fact, the majority of the population still works in the capital due to the large firms. That can lonesome(prenominal) happen smoothly if the region has an easy approachability, which means a well-developed transportation system with the capital as a centre-point. In Piedmont?s case it is well-nigh carte du jourable that the transport and accessibility system is very modern and developed. The next concept that needs to be considered is the business enterprise structure of the region. The business structure of Piedmont also relates to the capital city, Turin as the majority of the region?s businesses are concentrated there. The biggest industry is Fiat?s car-manufacturing industry as it has been mentioned several times before. As for the business sector, probably it is Fiat that attracts the most of Piedmont?s labour-force and makes most of the region?s profit. Fiat is a large world(prenominal) company that has many smaller and bigger firms all over the word and besides giving great benefits to Piedmont?s business sector it also gives a huge reputation to the region. Fiat not only has created a reliable and successful business in Piedmont but has also started a chain of tendency of other smaller businesses. ?The acknowledge feature of companies situated in the Turin province is their average small size: nearly 90% of businesses have less than 50 employees.?10 This factor is compete an important agency in Turin?s business structure since with the exploitation importance of businesses creates more and more business commemoratetlements in the region. This using leads to a high c surgehement in the region by different interior(a) and multi subject companies, which give the region good reputation and a lot of income. Finally, after analysing all the factors above, it is affirmable now to assess the future maturation of the Piedmont region. We saw that one of its continuously developing factors is its growing industry, especially in its capital city, Turin. Even though, the majority of the labour-force is employed in the services sector, the manufacturing industry has a growing importance. The location of the headquarters of Fiat in Turin make it achievable to other businesses to appear and invest funds in the city. Therefore, in the future not only the breeding of the secondary sector is possible but the growth of enthronizations from different businesses. Another factor for further future cultivation is worth to be mentioned: the tourist industry. We have seen from the data that Piedmont has a play of hotels and other collective accommodation establishments but compared to the other Italian regions their number could be cleansed. Considering Piedmont?s fortunate unsmooth location and it being a border region, one of its future plans could be to emend tourist facilities and their promotion. wiz way of this could be to use the capital from business investments to set up new and change the existing tourist establishments. The ordinal sector could also be improved in the future. Its importance is constantly growing with modernisation; therefore there go forth be an inescapable improvement in services sector in the future. One possible aspect of this leave behind probably be the development of tourist industry, which can also bring improvement to the tertiary sector and vice versa. Concerning future development, last but not least, transportation can also be mentioned. In spite of its well-developed aspects, it is inevitable to keep up with modernisation, since it is the only way to fight back the success of a region. In conclusion, it can be verbalize that Piedmont is a largely unequaled region located in North-West of Italy. We started its economic and geographical abstract by assessing and canvass the region?s performance with that of the other NUTS2 regions in Italy. This analysis made us notice that Piedmont has many aspects that make it fantastic among the other regions, such as it being a border region with beneficial location factors and having a remarkable manufacturing industry. after analysing its physical location we got to the credit that the region is located in a very approving set of surroundings that can be very beneficial to its economical and tourist growth. then we assessed its important location factors, to wit market factor, labour, services factor, capital and scale. Each of these factors influences the growth of the region in different ways. The physical location influences the tourism and the agriculture, the market factor plays an important fibre in the relationship of cost and profit, the labour as a location factor has an effect on the region?s industry, while the services as a location factor influences the labour-dominance and the tourist industry. The capital is also a large influence in the region as we make a contravention between fix and variable capital. Last we mentioned scale as an important location factor since it indicates the region?s deliverance, costs, consolidation and markets. The next aspect we analysed was the role of the region?s capital city, Turin. It can easily be seen that it plays a very important role in Piedmont?s development, being the region?s main economic and readying centre as well as the main centre of the region?s accessibility. Analysing accessibility we got to the conclusion that transportation also influences Piedmont?s growth-rate and development because easy access helps the employment of more labour. Finally we briefly mentioned the region?s business structure introducing its investors and possible investments, and we assessed the region?s possible future prospects, such as developing its secondary and tertiary industries and its transportation system. all in all, the region of Piedmont is a quickly developing part of Italy that has very beneficial features and factors in order to be a very important part of Italy?s geography and economy. Piedmont?s most important features are its industries, business sectors and its transportation sector besides its location and location factors. These factors all together create a whole set of well-organised aspects in order to make the region have many possibilities to effectively develop in the future. PIEMONTE PORTRAIT accessory 1. PIEMONTE - geography and historyPiemonte means at the foot of the mountains (a pie dei monti) and is situated in north-west Italy surrounded on three sides - north, west and south - by the great arc of the Alps and the northern Apennines, the highest point being Monviso (3 841 m). rough in the centre, it is bounded on the east by earthy frontiers - Lake Maggiore and the course of the Ticino. The physical features of the region - 43.3% mountains, 30.3% hills and 26.4% plains - have influenced many aspects of the social, policy-making and economic life and the disposal of the population. The climate is continental, with wide variations between the maximum summer and marginal winter temperatures, and there are a large number of mountain and winter sports resorts. The river system of Piemonte essentially arises in the Alps, with the rivers lay in the shape of a fan and flowing into the Po. self-propelled industry, traditional agriculturePiemonte boasts a well-established economic structure. The industrialisation which started at the binge of the century was based on the availability of hydroelectric power and on the existence of a comprehensive entanglement of good-quality communications. The growth of small businesses followed on the rapid expansion of major undertakings such as Fiat. In fact, the development of the automobile industry made its effects felt in many sectors from rubber products to plastics, textiles, glass, etc. Another factor in this flair was the availability of unskilled labour from the rural areas of the region and from the blue areas of southern Italy. This aspect of the economy of Piemonte is, merely, a Sword of Damocles. short economic downturns and inadequate technological upgrading to improve market bit can have a ripple effect on the perfect economic structure of the region. And agriculture, which makes only a very small contribution to the regions wealth, is in a very flush state - high production costs, inadequate marketing and transport networks, holdings amongst the smallest in Europe and ageing farmers. North and south exists also in PiemonteThe region is subdivided into eight provinces - Turin, Vercelli, Biella, Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, Novara, Cuneo, Asti and Alessandria. Half the population is located in the province of Turin, with the capital city itself invoice for about one million inhabitants, or a good quarter of the total population. The depopulation of the mountains and the line of achievement from the land as a result of the establishment of small businesses supplying the automobile industry have strengthened the towns at the foot of the mountains and Turin and its conurbation. Over a period of time there has thus emerged a northern Piemonte mainly assiduous in industry and with a capital-intensive use of land, and a southern Piemonte which is overpoweringly artless.
The commencement deed area comprises the provinces of Turin, Vercelli and Novara, the last two being favoured by their situation along the Turin-Milan axis - the economic capital of Italy. Confederate Piedmont, on the other hand, comprises the provinces of Asti, Alessandria and Cuneo, which secernate in fruit and wine-growing, and where there is thus a higher proportion of employment in the primary sector compared with other provinces. However, this subdivision is not instead so clear-cut, since the southern provinces have a number of industrial centres reflecting a second shake of industrial development. PIEMONTE - PopulationA low birth rate and an ageing populationThe population density in Piemonte is lower than the case average. In 2001 it was equal to 169 inhabitants per km2, compared to a content form of 192. It rises however to 324 inhabitants per km2 when just the province of Torino is considered, whereas Verbano-Cusio-Ossola is the less densely populated province (71 inhabitants per km2). The population of Piemonte followed a descending(prenominal) trend throughout the 1980s. This wander is the result of the natural negative balance (of some 3 to 4 % per class), while the migrant balance since 1986 has again baffle positive because of an excess of new immigration over a stable figure for emigration. The population as a whole has remained stable in the 1990s, although this is the result of a negative natural balance and a positive net migration. In 2001, the birth rate was equal to 8.1 per thousand, compared to a guinea pig figure of 9.3 per thousand. The conclusion rate for the akin course was equal to 10.9 per thousand, above the national average of 9.9. This is due to the demographic structure in Piemonte, with an ageing population. In the year 2001, the unfledged people below 25 amounted to 21.7% of the population, compared to a national average of 25.6%, whereas the people over 65 amounted to 20.7%, compared to a national average of 18.2%. The infant mortality rate in 1999 was under the national average with 4.5 deaths per 1000 births. The net migration: positive throughout the decade, and has remunerative the negative natural balance. In 2001, 107 500 persons of foreign nationality were registered in the region. PIEMONTE ? EmploymentThe activity rate (% of the working population in relation to the corresponding total population) in Piemonte was 50.4% in 2001, just above the national average of 48.3%. It is however made up of a male activity rate, meagerly below the national average, and which has some fallen since 1990, and a pistillate activity rate, above the national average, and which has shown a positive trend in the last decade. The employment rate (% of the working population in relation to the corresponding population in working age) is well above the national average (61.2% compared to 54.5%), and has increased by 6% since 1990. This growth has been due exclusively to the rise in the number of working women, as the female employment rate has passed from 43% in 1990 to 50.8% in 2001. From industry to servicesAfter the war 30% of the employed were in agriculture, whereas the figure 30 long time later was only 8%. The figure has come upd to fall, and in 2001 the share of those employed in agriculture was 3.7% of the total. Whereas between 1960 and 1970 industry confirmed its role as the motor of the economy of Piemonte, in the 1980s it was the services sector which absorbed much of the labour laid off as a result of industrial rationalisation. In 2001, the share of employment in industry is and higher than the national average, and the share of employment in services lower (38.2% and 58.1% respectively). Employment in the services sector has openhanded by 5% in the second half of the 1990s. The level of unemployment in Piemonte, equal to 5.2% in 2001, is well below the national average (9.5% for the same year), but is the highest amongst the regions of the north of Italy, after Liguria. This level is the same as it was at the beginning of the 1990s, although there has been a slight rise in the male unemployment rate and a slight fall in the female unemployment rate. Almost half of the unemployed persons in 2001 were touch by long term unemployment (more than 12 consecutive months). PIEMONTE - frugality internationalisation of industryPiemonte contributed to the gross value added of Italy with 8.7% in 2000, while its population is 7.4% of the national total. Per capita GDP is above the national average and represented 120% of the EU average. Rice, cars and personal computersThe main agricultural products in Piemonte are cereals, including rice, representing more than 10% of national production in 1999, maize, grapes for wine-making and fruit and milk. With more than 800 000 head of cattle in 2000, livestock production accounts for half of final agricultural production in Piedmont. There are links with neighbouring France via the Fréjus and Colle di Tenda tunnels and the Montgenèvre Pass and with Switzerland over the Simplón and Great St Bernard passes. The regions airport, Turin-Caselle, caters for domestic and external flights. The region has the longest motorways network amongst the Italian regions (about 800 km). The motorway routes radiate from Turin, connecting it with the other provinces in the Piemonte region, as well as with the other regions in Italy. In 2001, the number of passenger cars per 1 000 inhabitants at 623 was above the national average (575). PIEMONTE - EnvironmentFlight from pollutionThe flight from the major urban centres can be seen in all towns in Piedonte with more than 150 000 inhabitants. The reason for leaving the capital is not the wishing of green areas available - at 12 m2 per inhabitant this is the highest in Italy after Bologna - but the quality of urban life. alfresco the cities, Piemonte has 156 000 hectares of parks, nature reserves and protected areas (preference for living in opposed to towns!) totalling 6.14% of the regions territory. Of these, 112 000 hectares are situated in the mountains, 8 000 in the hills and 49 000 in the plains. Examples are grandma Paradiso, Argentera, Orsiera Rocciavre, the banks of the Po and Valle del Ticino. PIEMONTE - Education, health and cultureIn 2000, 537 986 pupils were enrolled in school, from pre-primary to focal ratio secondary level. Of these, 156 450 attended upper secondary education. BACKGROUND INFORMATION APPENDIX 2. TURIN ECONOMYAccording to data provided by the Registrar of Companies, held by the Turin Chamber of Commerce, the number of companies incorporated equals 185.805, showing an average growth rate of 1.4%. distribution by sectors is the following: 35% are diligent in services, 29% in trade, 27% in industry and 9% in agriculture. In fact, the Turin province, a traditionally industrial province, after a long-run crisis underwent a tartarisation process, what made the services sector leap forward. The key feature of companies situated in the Turin province is their average small size: nearly 90% of businesses have less than 50 employees. scorn their small dimensions, a high level of cornerstone and a vocation for internationalization make local SMEs free-enterprise(a) worldwide. In particular, the following features can be pointed out:- high level of investment in R&D- industrial development based on industrial district model;- high level of industrial automation;- good performances on international markets;- emphasis given to homework. Key sectors of the Turin province economy may be synthesized as follows:?self-propelling, components and designThe automotive sector in Turin covers the entire design and production cycle. - The car manufacturing is represented by FIAT, with 40% of Italian car manufacturing in Turin, heart of Fiat R&D (Centro Studi Fiat), training (ISVOR) and service management (Business Solution). - The automotive styling and design sector counts with somewhat 400 prototypes developed either year and specialization in vehicle bodies, moulds, tooling and dies. Leading manufacturers are: I.D.E.A., Maggiora, Stola, Itca. - The production of systems includes: mechanised machining, yellow journalism metal working, body assembly, painting, moulding, industrial robotics and automation. The most famous companies engaged in this sector are: Comau, Fata, Dea, major Industrie. - The car components sector may rely on a strong network of subcontractors, including 300 manufacturers of systems and parts of systems modules, I gradation and II degree single components. ?aeronautics and aero berthThis sector includes:- Aviation designer and manufacturers: commercial, military and transport aircrafts (Alenia Aeronautica)- Aerospace: satellite systems, telecommunications, removed(p) sensing, meteorology (Alenia Spazio) - Ground infrastructures for space missions (Consortium ICARUS for the development of Multi-functional Space Centre; Logistics and expert Centre -ALTEC; training centre for European austronauts- Aero-engines industry (Fiat Avio), equipment (Microtecnica Group), aerospace components (Moreggia Group)?robotics and automation?Telecommunication and information technology?agroindustry?banking and insurance (San Paolo IMI, CRT, SAI, Toro, Reale mutua)?home textile?writing industry?publishing (Seat, Einaudi, Utet)In 2002 the Turin province´s total export was worth 15.233 million Euro, whereas total import amounted to 10.864 million Euro, with a indulgent balance of trade of 4.369 million Euro. exportation by products:With a total amount of export worth 15.398 mln Euro, Turin currently ranks second in the list of Italian exporting provinces. Main exported goods are: motor vehicles (18%); motor vehicles parts and accessories (18%); machinery and mechanical devices (8%); machinery for special purposes (5%); aircrafts and space vehicles (4%); ecumenic machinery, rubber products, machine tools. exportation by destination:Main partners are: France (18%), Germany (15%), joined terra firma (8%), Spain (8%), united States (6%), Poland (5%), Turkey (4%), Switzerland (3%), Belgium (3%), The Netherlands (2%). Turin is a hub of international training, with the presence of:- supranational Training Centre of the supranational Labour Organization (ITC-ILO)- United Nations Staff College- European Training Foundation (ETR)- world(prenominal) punt for the Support of Education and Training (IPSET)- Piedmont´s Consortium for opposed Trade Training- European School of Management Italia (ESCP-EAP) global events in Turin:- global Taste fair 2004- Automotor attractive 2005- majestic wintertime Games 2006- external Architecture Convention 2008- Turin Hi.Tech week- International Book Fair of Turin- International teenage Movie Festival- Biennal Young Artist ExhibitionReference:Francesca NataleVia San Francesco da Paola, 37 ? 10123, Torino,Tel. +39 011.57.16.361/64/65, +39 011.57.163.6globus@to.camcom.itThe material of this site is © properly of first gear publication 2000-2006 of Piemonte.org. http://www.piemonte.org/ rogue/t08/view_html?idp=49PIEDMONT ECONOMYThere are a prance of industries in Piedmont, from car manufacturing in Turin (Fiat) to farming ( dairy farm farming wheat, grapes, maize, rice) and associated agricultural production (wine, dairy products), to tourism. Over 700 square kilometers (170,000 acres) are devoted to viniculture, and many of the wines produced, such as Barbera, Barolo and Barbaresco, and Dolcetto are desire after by wine connoisseurs around the world. The white wine, Asti Spumonte, produced from grapes self-aggrandizing in the Asti region is denegrated by many as a poor mans champagne, but progressively it is being seen for what it is: a superior, sparkle white. By Vian Andrews (30-08-05) http://www.italianvisits.com/piemonte/index.htmTRANSPORTATION, INFRASTRUCTURE-TURINThe town currently has a large number of rail and road work sites. Although this activity has increased as a result of the 2006 Winter Olympics, parts of it had long been planned. somewhat of the work sites deal with general road works to improve traffic flow, such as underpasses and flyovers, but two protrude outs are of major importance and will change the shape of the town radically. One is the Spina ( keystone) which includes the doubling of a major railroad track crossing the town. The railroad previously ran in a trench, which will now be covered by a major boulevard. The town rail station on this line will mother the main station of Turin ( possible action Susa). The other major regard is the construction of a subway line based on the VAL system, known as Metrotorino. This stick out is expected to continue for years and to cover a larger part of the town, but its first phase was perfect in time for the Olympic Games (inaugurated on 4 February 2006 and unresolved to the public the day after). This first leg of the subway system links the nearby town of Collegno with the Porta Susa station in Turins town centre; the next leg extending the service to the Porta Nuova railway station is expected by June 2007. This tubing transportation project has historical importance for Turin, as the town has dreamed of an thermionic vacuum tube line for decades, the first project dating as far back as the twenties. In fact, the main street in the town centre (Via Roma) runs atop a tunnel create during the fascist era (when Via Roma was built). The tunnel was supposed to host the ohmic resistance line but is now used as an underground car park. A project to build an underground system was ready in the seventies, with political relation livelihood for it and for similar projects in Milan and capital of Italy; whilst the other two cities went in advance with the projects, Turin local government led by mayor Diego Novelli shelved the object as it believed it to be too costly and unnecessary, but that only meant more funding for capital of Italy and Milan. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin#Transportation_infrastructureBibliography? natural from Susanne Bygvrå?Stutz, F., Warf B.: The World parsimoniousness: Resources, Location, Trade and Development (Pearson, assimilator Hall, 2005, one-fourth Edition)?Copyright © Eurostat. entirely Rights Reserved. ?Francesca Natale?Via San Francesco da Paola, 37 ? 10123, Torino,?Tel. +39 011.57.16.361/64/65, +39 011.57.163.6?globus@to.camcom.it?http://www.piemonte.org/ rascal/t08/view_html?idp=49?The material of this site is © copyright 2000-2006 of Piemonte.org. ?Vian Andrews (30-08-05) http://www.italianvisits.com/piemonte/index.htm?http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin#Transportation_infrastructure If you sine qua non to get a full essay, order it on our website:
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